6 Flashcards
Cyclins
Cell cycle progression is regulated by the activity of cyclins. Cyclins activate and provide substrate specificity for cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs). CDKs regulate the progession of cell cycle checkpoints.
Denaturation
Denatured enzymes have a destroyed tertiary structure, meaning the enzyme can no longer function. Denatured proteins have a destroyed primary structure, causing it to break down into monomers.
Sense versus antisense strand
The sense strand is the coding strand. The sense strand has the same base sequence as mRNA, but with thymine instead of uracil. The antisense strand is the non coding strand. The antisense strand contains the template DNA strand which is transcribed.
Metabolism
Metabolism describes the chemical reactions that occur in our bodies that convert food into energy. Enzymes facilitate metabolism by breaking down large nutrient molecules into smaller molecules.
Stem cells
Stem cells are unspecialized cells that can develop into many different kinds of cells. Stem cells can renew themselves over time and can therefore be used to regenerate and repair tissues that have been damaged by disease.
RNA Splicing
RNA splicing is where mRNA is transformed into mature mRNA. RNA Splicing works by removing all the introns and splicing back together exons.
Gel electrophoresis
Gel electrophoresis is a laboratory technique used to separate DNA, RNA, or proteins based on their molecular size. Molecules are separated by being pushed by an electrical field through a gel containing pores.
Crossing over
Crossing over is the exchange of genetic material between two homologous chromosomes.
Sex-linked inheritance
Hemophilia and color blindness are X-linked recessive disorders. Males are more affected than females by these disorders because they only have 1 X chromosome. If a mother is a carrier of hemophilia or color blindness, there is a 50% chance that their daughter will be a carrier and there is a 50% chance that the son will have the disorder.
Primary versus secondary succession
In primary succession, newly formed or exposed rock is colonized by living things for the first time. In secondary succession, an area that was previously occupied by living things is disturbed, but then re-colonized following the disturbance.
Bryophytes, filicinophyta, coniferophyta, and angiospermophyta
Bryophytes are non-flowering plants that grow in damp, dark locations (ex: moss). Filicinophyta are ferns. Coniferophyta are cone-bearing plants (ex: pine trees). Angiospermophyta are flowering plants.
Porifera, cnidaria, platyhelminthes, annelida, mollusca, arthropods, and chordates
Porifera are animals such as sponges. Cnidaria are animals such as jellyfish and corals. Platyhelminthes are animals such as flatworms. Annelida are animals such as segmented worms and leeches. Mollusca are animals such as snails and octopus. Arthropods are animals such as insects. Chordates are animals such as fish and birds AKA mammals.
How does atmospheric carbon dioxide concentration affect marine organisms?
As the atmospheric carbon dioxide concentration increases, more carbon dioxide dissolves in the ocean which raises the ocean’s acidity to a degree that dissolves calcium carbonate. This results in marine organisms being unable to form or obtain their exoskeletons.
Clade
A clade is a group of organisms that are believed to have evolved from a common ancestor based on molecular similarity.
Temporal isolation
Temporal isolation describes species living in the same space, but reproducing at different times (seasons/night or day).
