6-10 Flashcards
Classical conditioning
It is modifying behavior by pairing unconditional stimulus with a conditioned stimulus in order to alter an unconditioned response
Operant conditioning
Modifying behavior by following it with positive and negative consequences
A stimulus in the environment cues attention to a behavior –> behavior occurs in response to a stimulus –> outcomes are the consequences of our behavior
Reinforcement
Enhancing desirable behavior by giving positive consequences or withholding negative ones
(Keep doing a behavior; this isnt punishment)
Its desired; stops if no reward
Positive reinforcement, negative reinforcement
Positive reinforcement is giving pay increase, praise
negative reinforcement is withholding disciplinary action, yelling and criticism
Punishment
Discourage or stop an undesirable behavior by giving negative consequences or withholding positive ones
Extinction
Completely get rid of a behavior attaching no consequence to an undesirable behavior (not responding)
this is most effective when used with positive reinforcement
Social learning theory
Asserts that people observe others, and model their behavior accordingly. Learning is enhanced when learners have high task specific self efficacy
Sources of self-efficacy are
Successful past performance, verbal persuasion, calm or arousing states
Goals affect performance through four routes
Directing attention towards all relevant activities, energizing people towards activity and behavior, encouraging persistence when possible, learning task relevant knowledge and strategies
Smart goal is
Specific, measurable, attainable, realistic, Time-bound
goal commitment is enhanced by
Importance: making the commitment public or goal specific self-efficacy
Two types of performance
Task is work related tasks and goals. Contextual is support in the social environment
Performance appraisal is
When a manager provides feedback and an evaluation of performance.
Feedback should be specific, focus is on unchangeable behaviors, and balances positive with negative feedback
Stress is& Stress occurs when one or more of the following conditions occur
Stress is a persons adaptive response with stimuli that places excessive psychological or physical demands
Losing resources, resource loss is threatened, resources are not regained following resource investment.
Identifying performance process
Consistency? Does this always occur?
consensus? is everybody else doing it?
distinctiveness? Does that person act like that in other situations?
Person environment fit approach is
When stress occurs when a person and an environment’s characteristics don’t complement or supplement one another
Job Demand Vs Decision Latitude
When you have high job demand and decision latitude, you have the highest motivation and satisfaction. If you have high job and low decision latitude, you have a lot of strain and low satisfaction. Low job demand and high decision latitude would be the lowest strain and distress. Loggia demand in the decisions latitude would be stressful due to boredom and lack of motivation
Like a control may be caused by an inability to
Influence the timing of tasks, selecting methods for accomplishing work, make decisions the influence the workout plan, exercising direct action to affect the outcome
(Having self efficacy is believing you hv the ability to use control effect)
Eustress
Positive Stress; stress that provides an energy boost
Distress and its consequences
The stress occurs when demands exceed coping capacity & they include depression, aggression, medical issues. Burn out consists of emotional exhaustion, the depersonalization of others, reduced perception of personal accomplishments
Type a behavior has four dimensions
One- sense of time urgency, two-drive to increase number of achievements, three- status insecurity, and four- aggression and hostility in response to frustration
Hardiness
Resistance to strange reactions by task commitment, personal sense of control, and seeing change
Three levels of stress prevention
One- primary: it is problem focused, positive thinking.
Two- secondary: emotion focused, managing a response
Three- tertiary: heal outcomes
Organizational stress prevention methods
Job redesign, goalsetting, role negotiation, and social support system
Components of a message
Thought (content in terms of words, ideas) and affect (emotion in terms of intensity, gestures)
Communication process is (explain the steps)
A message is sent from a sender, it goes through encoding, then goes to a channel where it sends the message to the receiver. the message is received, and the receiver decodes the message and sends feedback.
Formal and informal channel
Formal is prescribed by organizations policies and procedures, where as informal is gossip and personal between people
Non-Verbal Communication is & 4 types
Highly sensitive to sender/receiver characteristics & context
- Kinesics- body posture & movement
- Face/eye behavior- often reveals emotions, behavioral intentions, eye contact
- Paralanguage: variation in speech, such as laughing, pitch, laughing
- Proximity: physical closeness
Stress is& Stress occurs when one or more of the following conditions occur
Stress is a persons adaptive response with stimuli that places excessive psychological or physical demands
Losing resources, resource loss is threatened, resources are not regained following resource investment.
Identifying performance process
Consistency? Does this always occur?
consensus? is everybody else doing it?
distinctiveness? Does that person act like that in other situations?
Person environment fit approach is
When stress occurs when a person and an environment’s characteristics don’t complement or supplement one another
Job Demand Vs Decision Latitude
When you have high job demand and decision latitude, you have the highest motivation and satisfaction. If you have high job and low decision latitude, you have a lot of strain and low satisfaction. Low job demand and high decision latitude would be the lowest strain and distress. Loggia demand in the decisions latitude would be stressful due to boredom and lack of motivation
Like a control may be caused by an inability to
Influence the timing of tasks, selecting methods for accomplishing work, make decisions the influence the workout plan, exercising direct action to affect the outcome
(Having self efficacy is believing you hv the ability to use control effect)
Eustress
Positive Stress; stress that provides an energy boost
Distress and its consequences
The stress occurs when demands exceed coping capacity & they include depression, aggression, medical issues. Burn out consists of emotional exhaustion, the depersonalization of others, reduced perception of personal accomplishments
Type a behavior has four dimensions
One- sense of time urgency, two-drive to increase number of achievements, three- status insecurity, and four- aggression and hostility in response to frustration
Hardiness
Resistance to strange reactions by task commitment, personal sense of control, and seeing change
Three levels of stress prevention
One- primary: it is problem focused, positive thinking.
Two- secondary: emotion focused, managing a response
Three- tertiary: heal outcomes
Organizational stress prevention methods
Job redesign, goalsetting, role negotiation, and social support system
Components of a message
Thought (content in terms of words, ideas) and affect (emotion in terms of intensity, gestures)
Communication process is (explain the steps)
A message is sent from a sender, it goes through encoding, then goes to a channel where it sends the message to the receiver. the message is received, and the receiver decodes the message and sends feedback.
Formal and informal channel
Formal is prescribed by organizations policies and procedures, where as informal is gossip and personal between people
