6-10 Flashcards
A change in behavior because of an experience
Learning
The three types of learning
Classical and Operant conditioning, and Observational Learning
Occurs when we come to associate two stimuli with each other
Classical Conditioning
Learning through consequences
Operant Conditioning
Learning through an observation
Modeling/Observational Learning
Types of Stimuli in Classical Conditioning
Unconditioned & Conditioned response and stimuli
A natural response to something (the dog seeing food)
Unconditioned stimulus
A natural response to the stimulus (the dog salivating at the food)
unconditioned response
A stimulus paired with another (the bell)
Conditioned stimulus
A response associated with the learned stimulus
Conditioned response (salivating to the bell)
A child was brought to a laboratory by John Watson. He was tested through Pavlova’s Conditioning and Learning methods with rats and the conditioned response of ‘fear’. Who was this?
Little Albert
How do you remedy a Conditioned Response?
Present the Unconditioned stimulus without the Conditioned stimulus over time.
What process is listed? - Fearfulness, the first period of extinction, spontaneous recovery, the second period of extinction. -
Period of Extinction
When you relate the Conditioned stimulus and response with other things similar (Albert relating cotton to the white mouse)
Generalization
Things that don’t trigger a Conditioned Response due to a lack of similarity to the Conditioned Stimuli
Discrimination
When Conditioned Stimuli and Unconditioned Stimuli are combined, what happens?
Conditioned Response (Taste Aversion)
An irrational fear of something
Phobia
When one associates a behavior with an outcome (reinforcement/punishment)
Instrumental Conditioning
Positive Reinforcement
A behavior adds a positive stimulus (good grads –> money)
Negative Reinforcement
When a behavior removes an aversive stimulus (good grads –> no chores)
Positive Punishment
When a behavior adds an aversive stimulus (bad behavior –> more chores)
Negative Punishment
When a behavior removes a desired stimulus (bad behavior –> no phone)
Reinforcement all of the time
Continuous reinforcement
Reinforcement some of the time
Partial reinforcement
Reinforcement after specific number of responses is made (time doesn’t matter) (punch cards)
Fixed Ratio
Reinforcement after specific amounts of time pass (Paychecks)
Fixed Interval
different outcomes for the input effort (slot machines)
Variable Ratio
Reinforcement given after varying amounts of time (fishing)
Variable Interval
The intensity varies, and you have to enforce it right after the behavior. Consistency matters, and should be paired with reinforcement after the good behavior happens.
Properties of Punishment
Encoding, Storage, and Retrieval
Memory Functions
The recollection of a past event
Memory
Memories that are kept for short periods of time and based on sight and hearing. This lasts for a fraction of a second or goes to short-term memory. Active thought.
Sensory Store
Holds immediate experiences that are about 15-30 seconds, and can hold 5-9 things at once
Short-Term Memory
Not permanent, and can be lost over the years. Limitless in its capacity in relation to time. Can be Acessable or Available.
Long-Term Memory
Available VS Acessable Long-Term Memories
Available memories are what you have in your storage, and Accessible memories are what you can access and/or remember clearly.
Memories you are consciously aware of
Explicit Memories
Memories that are specific and factual (3+3=6)
Semantic Memories
Memories of life experiences that play similar to movies (events)
Episodic Memories
Unconscious and Procedural memories
Implicit Memories
Memories of moving your body in a certain way (muscle memory)
Procedural Memories
Something that can trigger a past memory, the environment or state of your body (external/internal context)
Retrieval Cues
Memory works best when context during the encoding process matches context during the retrieval process (studying in same place you take a test in)
Encoding Specificity
Memories that are ingrained in your brain permanently. These are detailed episodic memories (trauma), the response of your hormones kicking in, and can be altered or become fuzzy.
Automatic Encoding (Flashbulb Memory)
Memories are not replayed, but they are built. This means that they may be different every time they are recalled
Memory Construction
Ways to remember things, such as Acronyms, Arostic, and Loci methods.
Mnemonic Devices
Encoding Failure, Decay, Inadequate memory, interference, or purposeful neglect.
Reasons we forget
Part of a healthy memory system
Adaptive forgetting
Memory loss too extensive for everyday forgetting
Amnesia
Anterograde Amnesia
Memory loss for events after a trauma
Retrograde Amnesia
Memory loss for events before a trauma
Places where memories go, stored in many places of the brain
Engram
Gradual process of forming new memories (some faster than others)
Consolidation
The man with 30-second memory. Inexplicit memories have survived, and he remembers his wife.
Clive Wearing
The shifting/movement of the brain inside of your skull, sometimes causes memory loss, sensitivity, and headaches. The more times this happens, the worse the results each time.
Concussion
Form of dementia, but not the only form. The Gyri get smaller as the Sulci get bigger. The most notable symptom is a lapse in memory. The expected life span after the first signs is only 7 years. The biggest risk factor is age.
Alztimers
A procedure used to guarantee a correct answer, often is not practical. (put every 4 digit code possible until you find the correct one)
Algorithm
Rule of thumb, with no guarantee for a correct answer.
Huristic
Solving problems by combining new ways of thinking
Creativity
The problem has only one answer
Convergent thinking
The problem has many answers
Divergent Thinking
Who developed the first intelligence tests by measuring a specific equation?
Alfred Binet
IQ=MA / CA x 100 (mental age, chronological age, and intelligence quantity) where MA and CA were often (but not always) the same. The mean would equal the spread of the data
Alfred Binet’s equation for intelligence
The rule where if one’s IQ is below 70, they are considered to be mentally disabled
68-95-99.7 rule
A child who does well in one category, they will generally do well in other categories. You draw knowledge from the G-Factor
Spearman’s Theory Of Intelligence
The most commonly used score to find your IQ around the world
Wechsler’s Adult Intelligence Score
Theory that there are multiple forms of intelligence where we can pull multiple skills from a variety of ‘pools’
Garden Theory
IQ Less than 70. Often benefit from various levels of assisted schooling. Mild and Profound levels
Intellectual Disability
IQ more than 130. Genius’ often reach nearly 145
Giftedness
Genetics versus Environmental Impact
Nature and Nurture
Identical twins where one egg split into two, creating two people with the exact same DNA
Monozygotic Twins
Twins who share 50% of the same DNA. These kinds of siblings are genetically no more similar than two siblings born years apart.
Dizygotic Twins
A vital part of communicating ideas into words.
Speaking
Taking words and turning them into ideas
Listening
A method of communication that can be verbal, written, or sign
Language
A loss of ability to understand or express speech, often caused by brain damage
Aphasia
The motor speech area of the brain
Brocas Area
A degenerative brain disorder caused by lack of Vitamin B1 (can be caused by alcohol)
Wernickes (German V)
The study of how people change over the course of their life (conception –> death)
Developmental Psychology
Psychological changes that occur gradually over time
Continuous changes
Psychological changes that happen rapidly
Discontinuous changes
Theories from this man include things such as Schemas and a discontinuous formula for developmental psychology throughout childhood (stair steps)
Jean Piaget
Mental representations of the world, thoughts, or feelings
Schemas
New information being brought into an existing schema
Assimilation
New information changing an existing schema
Accomodation
Sensorimotor Stage of development (0-2, the development of object permanence)
Piaget Stage 1
Preoperational stage of development (2-7, egocentric focus since they cannot see anybody else’s POV. The development of imagination)
Piaget Stage 2
Concrete Operational stage of development (7-12, the growth of conservation and logical thinking)
Piaget Stage 3
Formal Operational (12-Death. The most mature your brain will be able to process and handle information. Abstract thinking is at its prime)
Piaget Stage 4
A man who believed development was a social process rather than a step-by-step equation, and that human communication was vital to the development of cognitive thinking
Lev Vygotsky
The measure of what you can do alone vs. with someone else.
Zone of Proximal Development
