5a. Effective implementation depends on policies & co-operation at all scales Flashcards
The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPPC)
- Uses scientific research to support policies & reports
- Inflection on international, national & sub-national levels
- Provides options for adaptation & mitigation strategies
- First report in 1990 helped form the UNFCC = international treaty to reduce global warming
Success + failures of international directives: Kyoto (1997)
Success
- 1st legally binding agreement to reduce CO2 emissions
- Supported by most AC’s
Failures:
- Some countries didn’t achieve 5% reduction target with some increasing emissions
- Largest emitters = chain, USA, India & Russia didn’t ratify the treaty
- Argue that the treaty wouldn’t make a difference
Success + failures of international directives: Paris 2015
Success:
- 195 countries signed
- Aimed to prevent temperatures exceeding a 2 degree rise
- Legally binding
- Made governments recognise the severity of the issue
Failures:
- Involves costly changes to decrease + adapt technology = economic impact
- Political leaders over optimistic
- Agreement is ONLY a statement of intent
Carbon credits + trading
NOTE: Involved in Kyoto
-EUETS ‘cap n trade’ system
- Works largest GHG scheme
- Limited power of 11,000 power industries
- Polluters either cut emissions or payed for it
- Monitored annually
- Cap on emissions is made into tradable credits E.g x1 credit = x1 tonne of CO2 allowed to be emitted
- Fines fro insufficient credits that can’t cover emissions
- 24% reduction from 2005 - 2015
Regional Policies: Sweden
- cut emissions below 1990 levels
- Use bioenergy
- Cities use district heating (geothermal)
- Use biomass for fuel
- Provide incentives for population E.g Swedes get rebate when they buy a green car
- congestion charges that alter depending on traffic
- Easy to mange due to smaller populations on each island
- Large economy growth = easier to adapt
