5.8 There are consequences and risks associated with water insecurity.

Question 1

How much is spent to improve water security annually from players and international agencies?

Answer 1

US$35 billion

Question 2

Access to water is limited as developing countries consist of how many people without clean water?

Answer 2

1 billion

Question 3

Water insecurity can be linked to the idea to a lack of A,A,U?

Answer 3

Availability - having not enough water
Access - freedom for use, or income to buy
Usage - entitlement to and understanding of water use.

Question 4

Physical scarcity is related to -

Answer 4

Climate and largely determined between inputs and outputs, topography and geology may be seen more local, climate change can be seen more global.

Question 5

Economic scarcity -

Answer 5

Associated with developing countries whom lack technology and good governance to often exploit their use of blue water.

Question 6

The price of water can vary for example distance travelled -

Answer 6

E.G the Californian coastal city of Los Angeles gets it water across a very long pipeline so it must depend on infrastructure.

Question 7

The price of water may vary due to infrastructure -

Answer 7

E.G such as Accra in Ghana, due to insufficient infrastructure, where people living in slums have to rely on tankers and bottled water where the cost of water from informal vendors are nearly twice as high as that of standard tap connections therefore it is costing them more to operate these methods and also receive inefficient and undeveloped water supply long-term.

Question 8

Water supply for economic development for agriculture -

Answer 8

Irrigation is necessary in some countries who dependently rely on water alone. Farmers focus on storing rainwater supplies for harvesting, the need for blue water or ground water is needed for enhanced crop growth. Around 1/5 of the world’s land is under use for irrigation (where water is taken to supply the land for crop yield).

Question 9

Other agricultural needs for water to ensure economic development is dietary revolution in China -

Answer 9

Increased in major dairy and meat based products, this is significant to manage as based on their current changing attitudes it costs 2975 litres to produced 1 kg of rice and 6 times more water for a kg of beef, so managing agricultural demands is of paramount importance in managing overall water security, as without it there will be implications of dietary requirements and reduce economic activity of agriculture.

Question 10

Other water importance is for economic development of industry and energy, how much % freshwater withdrawal is used for energy production and industry?

Answer 10

Just over 20%

Question 11

The importance of water for HEP in New Zealand - rely one what?

Answer 11

Countries that rely heavily on the production of HEP like New Zealand are very dependant on rainfall but changing rain patterns can hinder its industry.

Question 12

Biofuels are considered a renewable energy however heavily rely on water -

Answer 12

The growth of biofuels can be seen as concerning with water security and accessibility and availability. For example Biofuels are quite thirsty where 1 litre of bioethanol requires 10,000 litres of water and biodiesel is 20,000 litres for a litre as well, so large quantities are needed for sustainable schemes of energy management.

Question 13

The need and importance of water for human well-being - Poor sanitisation and disease

Answer 13

Problem is with disease from unsafe water. Water and disease interact in 2 ways where unsafe drinking water can spread disease but water for personal hygiene can prevent disease transmission.

A poor sanitisation leads to major water-related diseases which relate to 10% of ‘global disease burden’ this combined with low standards of living and personal hygiene from potential diarrhoeal diseases like cholera are diseases transmitted from faecal-oral routes and are massively affected by water type.

Question 14

How much of the world’s population relies on unprotected water?

Answer 14

15%

Question 15

The potential conflicts over water within a country - Kielder Northumberland - dam

Answer 15

For example the building of the Kielder Northumberland dam, has led to concern over flooding of farm valleys and villages.

Question 16

Other conflicts over water can come form nimbyism in South East England -

Answer 16

Refers to not in my backyard, such reservoirs have been disputed (argued) that they have not been built because of nimbyism. This very crowded area has had concerns that the impacts of improving water security may cost more social and economic impacts of themselves and the community.

Question 17

Biggest conflicts of water in the same country is the Great Ruaha river in Tanzania - Geographical area and context

Answer 17

A semi-arid area in the Southern highlands of Tanzania, it economic importance is for rice growth and yield and HEP.

Question 18

Biggest conflicts of water in the same country is the Great Ruaha river in Tanzania - Local and national issues

Answer 18

Essentially all blamed each other and was mainly due to summer flow, some instances were ruled out for what caused the river to lose flow like overgrazing and deforestation.

Question 19

Other impacts of water on there well-being -

Answer 19

Although some huge improvements have been made in water sup0ply and quality around 15% of the worlds population still reply on unimproved water (unprotected wells, springs or rivers). Around 2.5 million people have no access to sanitation facilities. Diseases like cholera, typhoid and dysentery are contracted from drinking dirty water and the water acts as breeding ground for malarial mosquitoes, snails and worms.

Question 20

International conflicts can be from the river Nile, how many countries use the Nile?

Answer 20

11

Question 21

Other International conflicts may be the Colorado basin -

Answer 21

The USA dispute the allocation of water from the Colorado that it is not in great quantity when it reaches Mexico and not up to the standard agreement.

Question 22

What % of water in the Colorado is used for the irrigation purposes (supply of water from land to crops) -

Answer 22

70%

Question 23

How many people does the Colorado river supply to the in the US and Mexico?

Answer 23

The Colorado River supplies water to approximately 40 million people in the United States and 10 million people in Mexico.

Question 24

Under the 1944 treaty the United States is allowed what percentage of water leaving Mexico with the other remaining %?

Answer 24

US = 85%
M = 15%

Question 25

Mexico are concerned from their water quality and quantity concerns.

Answer 25

Water Quality Concerns: Mexico has raised concerns about the quality of the water it receives from the Colorado River, citing pollution and contamination issues. Violations of water quality standards outlined in the treaty have strained diplomatic relations and led to demands for remedial action to improve water quality.

Question 26

How have the issues of the Colorado river issue been addressed through bilateral agreements?

Answer 26

Bilateral Agreements: The United States and Mexico have negotiated and signed several agreements aimed at addressing water allocation, quality, and environmental concerns along the Colorado River. These agreements include provisions for water sharing during drought periods, infrastructure improvements, and collaborative monitoring and management efforts. Past the 1944 treaty 3 other agreements have been signed one in 1973, 2012 and 2017 and have further improved the infrastructure and water security of Mexico with some expense paid from the USA.

Question 27

Problems with the Nile and the use of 11 countries occupying is the current population of 300 million people living in and around the Nile is said to double from?

Answer 27

300 million to 600 million

Question 28

Egypt is said to be dependant on what % of the waters needs?

Answer 28

95%

Question 29

There was no seen current issue because none of the countries using the Nile such as Rwanda, Ethiopia, Kenya and possibly Sudan and Tanzania because …. However?

Answer 29

As most countries are seen to not experiencing water scarcity of below 1,000 cubic metres per person per year, some have economic implications like Tanzania where they have a lack of a capital and technology to support the supplies, but with growing populations and climate change the listed countries will possibly all be water scarce by 2025, and will especially impact food security especially in Egypt which generally high levels of water use for irrigation.

Question 30

Due to growing concerns of the Climate change and a growing population most countries exploiting the use of the Nile are said to be seen water Scarce by?

Answer 30

2025

Question 31

How has the impacts of the Niles issues between the continent of Africa been managed?

Answer 31

in 2005, nine of the 10 basin countries have been exploring the development of the NBI to employ action plans and development projects to deal with the current issue. The good news it involves Sudan and Egypt who use the majority of the water, but the bad news despite the funding not much has been achieved. But in 2010 the majority of the countries signed with a new treaty that would state all ‘riparian countries would have equal access to use the Niles water’. Furthermore, to deal with Tanzania’s struggles there are new plans for a pump line from Lake Victoria to provide drinking water.