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57.vitamins and minerals Flashcards

1
Q

What are vitamins

A

organic substances, that are not produced in body ( insiffienct amount ) so need to be taken in by diet
most act like catalysts for chemical reactions in human body

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2
Q

What is main source of vitamins

A

food - for vitamins we cant produce ourselves
(getting from food more advantagous than getting fro complex biosynthesis)

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3
Q

what is hypovitaminoses
- avitaminoses

A

reduced vit intake causes development of metabolic disorders.
- complete abscence of vitamins, severe symptoms and fatal outcomes

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4
Q

some vit act as antioxidants - what does this mean

A

they neutrakize free radicals( made by oxidation in cells that cause damage)

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5
Q

what are the fat soluble vitamins

A

A D E K - they not excreted in urine much

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6
Q

how do u get hypervitaminoses

A

increased dietry intake, delayed excretion of vit therefore accumulates a lot - toxic damage to body

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7
Q

where are lipid soluble vits absorbed and stored

A

absorbed in SI with lipids and stored in liver and adipose tissue

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8
Q

Vitamin A - forms

A

animal origin: retinol (alcohol), retinal (aldehyde), retinoic acid (acid) - RETINOIDS

plant origin (vit A precursors) :carotene (pigment for photosynthesis) beta caroten has highest activity (converted to retinal with B carotene diocygenase. (all carotenes can be converted to retinoids)

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9
Q

where is vit A stored

A

liver

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10
Q

vitamin A function

A

–they are ligand to retinoid receptors.
. Transcriptional activator regulating gene expression during embryonic development and cell diff in postnatal period
. for normal growth of cells and normal functioning of visual, reproductive and immune systems

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11
Q

vitamin A deficiencies

A

. stunted growth adolesecents.
. Atrophy of testicular germinal epithelium and interuppted menstrual cycle
. Night blindess (less photosensitive pigments) less vision at night

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12
Q

Vitamin A sources and intakes

A

retinoids: butter, cheese, egg, liver
carotenes: carrots, sweet potato, spinach

900 microgram adult, 700 children

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13
Q

Vitamin D - forms

A

plant origin = ergocalciferol
animal origin = cholecalciferol
they only differ by side chains

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14
Q

vitamin D synthesis

A

synthesis requires UV
on surface epidermis epithelium
. 7-dihydrocholesterol coverted to cholecalciferol with UV

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15
Q

Vit D sources

A

FISH - they obtain it by ingesting algae that get uv
UV

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16
Q

Vitamin D function

A

they bind to specific receptors in nuclei of target cells . this activates transcriptional factors and reg gene expression of transports proteins
** they steroid + thyroid hormone receptors
. expressed in brain, heart, skin, gonads..

** maintaince of calcium and phosphorus levels

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17
Q

Vitamin D deficiencys

A

bone + muscle pain, weakness
. RICKETS (children) - softening and deform of bones/ teeth

hypervitaminosies = calcification of soft tissue and kidney stone formation due to increase calcium plasma levels

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18
Q

vitamin D intake

A

5 microigram adults
10 micrograms children

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19
Q

vitamin E forms

A

8 compounds - 4 tocopherols and 4 tocotrienols.
only alpha tocophenol has vit E activity

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20
Q

vitamin E function and found

A

accumulates in adipose tissues. found in muscle tiss and cell membr

. its an antioxidant ( enhanced by vit C)

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21
Q

vit E hypovitaminosis

A

anemia - reduced erythro membrane resistance and CNS disorders

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22
Q

vit E sources and intake

A

vegetable fats, leafy greens, nuts

8 miligrams adult, 7 children

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23
Q

vitamin k function

A

for formation of blood clotting factors
. carboxylation of glutamate residues of prothrombin and clotting factors 7,9,10.
. activation of calcium binding proteins (prevents bone fractures)

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24
Q

vit k deficiencies

A

*** primary def rare bc bacteria and diet we obtain it
. secondary can develop after antibiotic treaatment which destroys inestinal flora

. hypovitaminoses in newborns - high cos their sterile digestive T theres no bacteria to synthesise it + breast milk is low in it

hypervitaminosis rare cos body excretes it faster than other vitamins

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25
vit K sources and intakes
leafy greens + liver . 65 micrograms adults 30 micrograms children
26
what are watersoluble vitamins
readily dissolved in aqeous medium and excess easily controlled in renal excretion . hypervitaminosis is therfore rare here
27
what are the water soluble vitamins
vit C vit B1,B2, B3,B5, B6,B7, B9,B12 > B grops are components of coenzymes that are activarted after prior modifications in body
28
vitamin C forms
ascorbic acid (reduced) + dehydroascorbi-ascorbate (oxidised) . ascorbic acid/ascorbate is an antioxidant
29
vit C synthesis
from glucose ( primates lost this ability) . involved in synth of 4-hydroxyproline needed for collagen synth (catalysed by proline hydroxylase)
30
Vit C function
. it is an intermediate for formation of seratonin from noradrenaline: biosynthesis of L- carnitine . helps sabsorption of iron in gastrointestinal tract by converting it from trivalent to divalent ion . regulates cholesterol metabolism . protects vitamin D and E from oxidation
31
vitamin C deficiency
. collagen without ascorbate lacks strength/ helix with H bonds . avitaminoses - fragile blood vessels SCURVY. gives hemorrages, anemia, oral cavity inf ** people at risk of hypovitaminoses = cancer, chronic inf, smokers, women on oral contraception
32
vit C sources and intake
fruits and veg 70 mg
33
vitamin B1 function
THIAMINE . its converted to thiamine pyrophosphate in body which acts as coenzyme in metabolism of carbohydrates and branched AA . abscence of it impairs met and acytylcholine formation is reduced
34
vit B1 deficiencys
BERIBERI - hypervit . gives anorexia, apathy, fatigue, cardiac failure, polyneuritis . develops with those who eat lots carbs: , polished rice, raw fish with bacterial thiaminase (hypovit, gives intestinal parasites)
35
vit B2 function
RIBOFLAVIN . coverted to flavin mononeucleotide then to flavin adenine dinucleotide. they are prosthetic groups in dehydrogenases for carb and protein fat metabolism
36
vit B2 def
glossitis (smooth tongue), seborrheic dermatitis, chilitis (sores of lip corner), vascularisation of cornea . hyporiboflavinbnosis due to malnutrition, chronic alcholism
37
vit B2 sources
milk, dairy products, meat
38
vit B3 function
NIACIN . part of coenxymes NAD, NADH. involved in metabolism of carb, fats and proteins . causes vasodilation and lowers plasma cholesterol in high doses
39
vit B3 def
PELLAGRA- dermititis, diarrhea, dementia
40
vit b3 sources
meat fish legumes walnuts
41
vit B6 function
PYRIDOXINE . most active form = pyridoxal phosphate . acts as cofactor of 60 enzymes . aa metabolism (tryp, transamination and decarboxylation. . conversion of serine to glycine . formation heme . formation aminobutyric acid
42
vit b6 def
hypochromic microcytic anemia, facial skin rashes, glossitis, stomatitis, seziures
43
vit b6 sources
cereal and meat
44
vit B9 function
FOLIC ACID . deriv of tetrahydrofolic acid. . act as coenzymes in dna rna synth, aa met . for erythropoeisis . normal groeth of cells . form antibodies
45
vit b9 def
megaloblastic anemia, growth retardation, hemodialysis, treatment with methotrexate + sulfonamaides . hypovit - diarrhea, glossitis, weight loss, fatigue
46
vit b9 sources
leafy veg, meat, liver
47
vit B12 function
CYANCOBALAMIN . methylcobalmin (transports folic acid into cells and converts to active formfor dna synth , coenzyme b12 ( for synth of FA and form myein sheath . involved in hematopoises
48
vit b12 def
in abscence of intrinsic factor of Castle due to chronic intake antibiotics, gastric resection, surgical removal diststal SI hypovit- pernicious anemia, glossitis, diarrhea constipation, tingling in hands
49
vit b12 sources
not synth in plants meat and liver
50
vit B5 funct
PANTOTHENATE . synth of coenzyme A and acyl carrier proteins ( imp for met of carbs and fats
51
panthenoic acid def
dermititis, enteroitits, hair loss . hypovit = caused by chronic alcholism
52
panthenoic acid sources
abundant in plants bacteria in human colon also synths it
53
Vit b7 funct
BIOTIN . coenzyme for 5 carboxylases (imp for FA synth, gluconeogenesis and degredation AA + FA)
54
Biotin def
reduced intestineabsoptin of it . dermitistis, conjusctivitis, hypotonia, retartadtion in children, depression
55
biotin sources
eggs and penuts synth in our colon flora
56
minerals overview
inorganic substances. 4% in human body . they participate as ions in body and take part in acid base balance and osmotic homeostasis . builds up bones and teeth . excitability of cell membranes, muslsce contraction, hemoglobin synth ** large amounts can br toxic
57
what are macrominerals
more than 100mg needed mg Na K Cl Ca Ph
58
magnesium info
acts as catalyst of intracellular enz reactions (carb met) . in cells its bound in atp and adp complrxes . high concs depress cns and relax muscle contractions . deficiency = causes increased excitbaility of nervous system, peripheral vasoconstriction and cardiac arrythmia . sources = fish fruit meat
59
microminerals overview
small amounts, 0.01% of body mass fe Zn Cu, Manganese molybdenum chromium idodine selenium cobalt
60
iron info
in hemoglobin and cytochromes . 4g in adults . 15mg for adults (small cos hemoglobin destruction releases ironand accum in liver by binding to ferritin . females reproductive age has higher amounts deficiency = hypochromic anaemia, reduced resistance to inf . sources= meat liver spinach
61
zinc info
part of carbonic anhydrase 9in erythrocytes of nephrons, ep cells of gastro intestinal mucosa and glands) and peptidases . Deficiency = growth retardation, disrupt sexual devlpmt, diminsished olf and gustatory sensation . Endemic def = short stature, anemia, low albumin serum sources = meat eggs fish 15mg
62
copper info
. part of enzymes and cytochrome oxidase, lysyl oxidase, ferrooxidase . Deficiency = anemia (impaired synth hemoglobin) sorces = legumes fruit 2.2 mg
63
manganese info
in mitochondria of hepatocutes, in bone and in some arginases source = fruit legumes nuts 2mg
64
fluorine info
binds to hydroxyapatite crystals of tooth enamel and increases eresistence to acids sources = apples, eggs fish liver its added to drinking water . 1mg
65
molybdenum info
for functioning of xanthine oxidase . sources = legumes leafy greens 0.5mg
66
chromium info
cofactor of glucose tolerance factor - helps insulin deficiency = reduced carbohydrate tolerance sources = brewers yeast , broccoli, grapes 0.3mg
67
iodine info
synthesis of thyroxine and triiodothyronine deficiency = thyroid hyofunction (gland enlarges and goiter devlps sources = fish crabs seeaweed shrimps 0.15 mg
68
selenium info
component of glutathionine peroxidase (antioxidant enz) ( prevents free radical damage) has anticancer element sources = brewers yeast fish crabs shrimp 0.06mg
69
cobalt info
needed for structure of vit b12 transport folic acid
70
water
2 L daily breast feeding women 3L
71
dietry intake planning ................................
72

Physiology (20 decks)

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