57.vitamins and minerals Flashcards
What are vitamins
organic substances, that are not produced in body ( insiffienct amount ) so need to be taken in by diet
most act like catalysts for chemical reactions in human body
What is main source of vitamins
food - for vitamins we cant produce ourselves
(getting from food more advantagous than getting fro complex biosynthesis)
what is hypovitaminoses
- avitaminoses
reduced vit intake causes development of metabolic disorders.
- complete abscence of vitamins, severe symptoms and fatal outcomes
some vit act as antioxidants - what does this mean
they neutrakize free radicals( made by oxidation in cells that cause damage)
what are the fat soluble vitamins
A D E K - they not excreted in urine much
how do u get hypervitaminoses
increased dietry intake, delayed excretion of vit therefore accumulates a lot - toxic damage to body
where are lipid soluble vits absorbed and stored
absorbed in SI with lipids and stored in liver and adipose tissue
Vitamin A - forms
animal origin: retinol (alcohol), retinal (aldehyde), retinoic acid (acid) - RETINOIDS
plant origin (vit A precursors) :carotene (pigment for photosynthesis) beta caroten has highest activity (converted to retinal with B carotene diocygenase. (all carotenes can be converted to retinoids)
where is vit A stored
liver
vitamin A function
–they are ligand to retinoid receptors.
. Transcriptional activator regulating gene expression during embryonic development and cell diff in postnatal period
. for normal growth of cells and normal functioning of visual, reproductive and immune systems
vitamin A deficiencies
. stunted growth adolesecents.
. Atrophy of testicular germinal epithelium and interuppted menstrual cycle
. Night blindess (less photosensitive pigments) less vision at night
Vitamin A sources and intakes
retinoids: butter, cheese, egg, liver
carotenes: carrots, sweet potato, spinach
900 microgram adult, 700 children
Vitamin D - forms
plant origin = ergocalciferol
animal origin = cholecalciferol
they only differ by side chains
vitamin D synthesis
synthesis requires UV
on surface epidermis epithelium
. 7-dihydrocholesterol coverted to cholecalciferol with UV
Vit D sources
FISH - they obtain it by ingesting algae that get uv
UV
Vitamin D function
they bind to specific receptors in nuclei of target cells . this activates transcriptional factors and reg gene expression of transports proteins
** they steroid + thyroid hormone receptors
. expressed in brain, heart, skin, gonads..
** maintaince of calcium and phosphorus levels
Vitamin D deficiencys
bone + muscle pain, weakness
. RICKETS (children) - softening and deform of bones/ teeth
hypervitaminosies = calcification of soft tissue and kidney stone formation due to increase calcium plasma levels
vitamin D intake
5 microigram adults
10 micrograms children
vitamin E forms
8 compounds - 4 tocopherols and 4 tocotrienols.
only alpha tocophenol has vit E activity
vitamin E function and found
accumulates in adipose tissues. found in muscle tiss and cell membr
. its an antioxidant ( enhanced by vit C)
vit E hypovitaminosis
anemia - reduced erythro membrane resistance and CNS disorders
vit E sources and intake
vegetable fats, leafy greens, nuts
8 miligrams adult, 7 children
vitamin k function
for formation of blood clotting factors
. carboxylation of glutamate residues of prothrombin and clotting factors 7,9,10.
. activation of calcium binding proteins (prevents bone fractures)
vit k deficiencies
*** primary def rare bc bacteria and diet we obtain it
. secondary can develop after antibiotic treaatment which destroys inestinal flora
. hypovitaminoses in newborns - high cos their sterile digestive T theres no bacteria to synthesise it + breast milk is low in it
hypervitaminosis rare cos body excretes it faster than other vitamins
vit K sources and intakes
leafy greens + liver
. 65 micrograms adults
30 micrograms children
what are watersoluble vitamins
readily dissolved in aqeous medium and excess easily controlled in renal excretion
. hypervitaminosis is therfore rare here
what are the water soluble vitamins
vit C
vit B1,B2, B3,B5, B6,B7, B9,B12
> B grops are components of coenzymes that are activarted after prior modifications in body
vitamin C forms
ascorbic acid (reduced) + dehydroascorbi-ascorbate (oxidised)
. ascorbic acid/ascorbate is an antioxidant
vit C synthesis
from glucose ( primates lost this ability)
. involved in synth of 4-hydroxyproline needed for collagen synth (catalysed by proline hydroxylase)
Vit C function
. it is an intermediate for formation of seratonin from noradrenaline: biosynthesis of L- carnitine
. helps sabsorption of iron in gastrointestinal tract by converting it from trivalent to divalent ion
. regulates cholesterol metabolism
. protects vitamin D and E from oxidation
vitamin C deficiency
. collagen without ascorbate lacks strength/ helix with H bonds
. avitaminoses - fragile blood vessels SCURVY. gives hemorrages, anemia, oral cavity inf
** people at risk of hypovitaminoses = cancer, chronic inf, smokers, women on oral contraception
vit C sources and intake
fruits and veg
70 mg
vitamin B1 function
THIAMINE
. its converted to thiamine pyrophosphate in body which acts as coenzyme in metabolism of carbohydrates and branched AA
. abscence of it impairs met and acytylcholine formation is reduced
vit B1 deficiencys
BERIBERI - hypervit
. gives anorexia, apathy, fatigue, cardiac failure, polyneuritis
. develops with those who eat lots carbs: , polished rice, raw fish with bacterial thiaminase (hypovit, gives intestinal parasites)
vit B2 function
RIBOFLAVIN
. coverted to flavin mononeucleotide then to flavin adenine dinucleotide. they are prosthetic groups in dehydrogenases for carb and protein fat metabolism
vit B2 def
glossitis (smooth tongue), seborrheic dermatitis, chilitis (sores of lip corner), vascularisation of cornea
. hyporiboflavinbnosis due to malnutrition, chronic alcholism
vit B2 sources
milk, dairy products, meat
vit B3 function
NIACIN
. part of coenxymes NAD, NADH. involved in metabolism of carb, fats and proteins
. causes vasodilation and lowers plasma cholesterol in high doses
vit B3 def
PELLAGRA- dermititis, diarrhea, dementia
vit b3 sources
meat fish legumes walnuts
vit B6 function
PYRIDOXINE
. most active form = pyridoxal phosphate
. acts as cofactor of 60 enzymes
. aa metabolism (tryp, transamination and decarboxylation.
. conversion of serine to glycine
. formation heme
. formation aminobutyric acid
vit b6 def
hypochromic microcytic anemia, facial skin rashes, glossitis, stomatitis, seziures
vit b6 sources
cereal and meat
vit B9 function
FOLIC ACID
. deriv of tetrahydrofolic acid.
. act as coenzymes in dna rna synth, aa met
. for erythropoeisis
. normal groeth of cells
. form antibodies
vit b9 def
megaloblastic anemia, growth retardation, hemodialysis, treatment with methotrexate + sulfonamaides
. hypovit - diarrhea, glossitis, weight loss, fatigue
vit b9 sources
leafy veg, meat, liver
vit B12 function
CYANCOBALAMIN
. methylcobalmin (transports folic acid into cells and converts to active formfor dna synth
, coenzyme b12 ( for synth of FA and form myein sheath
. involved in hematopoises
vit b12 def
in abscence of intrinsic factor of Castle
due to chronic intake antibiotics, gastric resection, surgical removal diststal SI
hypovit- pernicious anemia, glossitis, diarrhea constipation, tingling in hands
vit b12 sources
not synth in plants
meat and liver
vit B5 funct
PANTOTHENATE
. synth of coenzyme A and acyl carrier proteins ( imp for met of carbs and fats
panthenoic acid def
dermititis, enteroitits, hair loss
. hypovit = caused by chronic alcholism
panthenoic acid sources
abundant in plants
bacteria in human colon also synths it
Vit b7 funct
BIOTIN
. coenzyme for 5 carboxylases (imp for FA synth, gluconeogenesis and degredation AA + FA)
Biotin def
reduced intestineabsoptin of it
. dermitistis, conjusctivitis, hypotonia, retartadtion in children, depression
biotin sources
eggs and penuts
synth in our colon flora
minerals overview
inorganic substances. 4% in human body
. they participate as ions in body and take part in acid base balance and osmotic homeostasis
. builds up bones and teeth
. excitability of cell membranes, muslsce contraction, hemoglobin synth
** large amounts can br toxic
what are macrominerals
more than 100mg needed
mg Na K Cl Ca Ph
magnesium info
acts as catalyst of intracellular enz reactions (carb met)
. in cells its bound in atp and adp complrxes
. high concs depress cns and relax muscle contractions
. deficiency = causes increased excitbaility of nervous system, peripheral vasoconstriction and cardiac arrythmia
. sources = fish fruit meat
microminerals overview
small amounts, 0.01% of body mass
fe Zn Cu, Manganese molybdenum chromium idodine selenium cobalt
iron info
in hemoglobin and cytochromes
. 4g in adults
. 15mg for adults (small cos hemoglobin destruction releases ironand accum in liver by binding to ferritin
. females reproductive age has higher amounts
deficiency = hypochromic anaemia, reduced resistance to inf
. sources= meat liver spinach
zinc info
part of carbonic anhydrase 9in erythrocytes of nephrons, ep cells of gastro intestinal mucosa and glands) and peptidases
. Deficiency = growth retardation, disrupt sexual devlpmt, diminsished olf and gustatory sensation
. Endemic def = short stature, anemia, low albumin serum
sources = meat eggs fish
15mg
copper info
. part of enzymes and cytochrome oxidase, lysyl oxidase, ferrooxidase
. Deficiency = anemia (impaired synth hemoglobin)
sorces = legumes fruit
2.2 mg
manganese info
in mitochondria of hepatocutes, in bone and in some arginases
source = fruit legumes nuts
2mg
fluorine info
binds to hydroxyapatite crystals of tooth enamel and increases eresistence to acids
sources = apples, eggs fish liver
its added to drinking water
. 1mg
molybdenum info
for functioning of xanthine oxidase
. sources = legumes leafy greens
0.5mg
chromium info
cofactor of glucose tolerance factor - helps insulin
deficiency = reduced carbohydrate tolerance
sources = brewers yeast , broccoli, grapes
0.3mg
iodine info
synthesis of thyroxine and triiodothyronine
deficiency = thyroid hyofunction (gland enlarges and goiter devlps
sources = fish crabs seeaweed shrimps
0.15 mg
selenium info
component of glutathionine peroxidase (antioxidant enz) ( prevents free radical damage)
has anticancer element
sources = brewers yeast fish crabs shrimp
0.06mg
cobalt info
needed for structure of vit b12
transport folic acid
water
2 L daily
breast feeding women 3L
dietry intake planning …………………………..
