5.5: Budgets Flashcards
What are the internal uses of accounting information? (2)
Business managers: To measure performance, to help make decisions, to set targets and budgets, to monitor operations of each departments.
Workforce: to determine security in their wages and whether it can increase.
What are the external uses of accounting information? (5)
Banks: To decide whether to lend money.
Creditors (suppliers): to decide whether the business is liquid enough to pay off debts, to decide whether to press early payments.
Customers: To determine whether they will be assured of future supplies of the goods purchased, whether the business is secure
Government: to calculate tax, to see if the business is following law, to see if the business creates jobs.
Local community: Jobs providence.
What are the limitations of public accounts?
They may not contain: research and development plans, any future plans for expansion, performance of each department, future budgets.
They may not be accurate: data may be outdated before published. Even though accounts are check by auditors, there are things that need judgement to decide on their value such as intangible goods. Therefore the business can still be accused of ‘window dressing’ the account.
Def. Window dressing
Common ways of window dressing?
Window dressing is presenting the company accounts in a favourable light - to flatter the business performance.
Ways to window dress:
* Selling fixed assets at the end of the year to improve liquidity position.
* Reducing the amount of depreciation of fixed assets, to raise profit margins.
* Ignoring bad debts.
Management vs. Financial Accounting?
Financial accounting: Published accounts of the business by legal requirements. e.g preparations of income statements, or statements of financial position.
Management Accounting: Information for internal use by the managers who need financial data. e.g Analysis of internal accounts such as budgets.
What do income statements show?
The gross and net profit of the company. Details how the net profit is split up between dividends to shareholders and retained profits.
What are the three sections of an income statement?
The trading account
The Profit and Loss account section
The appropriation account
What is the trading account section?
- Shows how the gross profit is made from the trading activities.
Def. Gross profit
Equal sales revenue - cost of sales
Def. Cost of sales
Direct cost of purchasing the goods that were sold during the financial year.
=opening inventory + purchases - closing inventory
Def. Sales revenue
The total value of sales made during a trading period.
= selling price x quantity sold
Def. Net profit (operating profit)
= Gross profit - overhead expenses
What is the profit and loss account section?
Shows the net profit and the profit after tax.
Def. Profit after tax
= Operating profit - interest costs - tax
What is the appropriation account?
It is not always published. It shows how the profit after tax is distributed in dividends and retained profit.
What are the uses of income statements?
Used to measure and compare the performance of a business over time or with other firms.
Bankers, creditors or investors will need information to decide whether to lend money.
Def. Statement of Financial Position
A statement of financial position is a financial statement
that records the assets (possessions) and liabilities
(debts) of a business on a particular day at the end of an
accounting period. It was previously called a balance sheet.
Def. Share capital
Total value of capital raised from shareholders by issuing shares
Def. Non current assets
‘fixed assets’. Assets to be kept and used by the business for over a year. e.g machinery
Def. Shareholder equity
=total assets - total liabilities
Def. Intangible assets
Items of value that do not have a physical presence such as patents or trademarks.
Def. Inventories
Stock
Def. Current Assets
Assets that are likely to be turned into cash before the next balance sheet, less than 1 year. 3 main: Cash, Cash receivables, Inventories.
Def. Account receivables
Debtors. The value of payments to be received from customers who have goods on credit.
Def. Current liabilities
Debts that have to be paid within 1 year.
Def. Non current liabilities
Value of debts of the business that will be payable after more than 1 year. e.g Loans
Def. Account payables
Creditors. Value of debts for goods bought on credit payable to suppliers.
Def. Goodwill
Arises when a business is value at or sold for more than the balance sheet value of its assets possibly due to its reputation.
What are the the two main ratio types?
Profitability ratios
* Liquidity ratios
What are the profitability ratios and their meaning?
- Gross profit margin: =(Gross profit/ Sales revenue) x 100. Shows how much gross profit a business makes for $1 of sales. Shows managing ability of cost of sales.
- Net profit margin: =(Net profit/Sales revenue) x 100.
how much gross profit a business makes of $1 of sales. Show managing ability of cost of sales and overhead expenses.
What are the liquidity ratios and their meaning?
Current ratio: =Current Assets/ Current liabilities. shows the rate the business affords to pay current liabilities out of their current assets.
Acid test ratio: = (Current Assets - Inventories) / Current liabilities.
What are the methods to increase profit margins?
Increase gross and net profits by reducing direct costs of overhead costs. This can be done by using cheaper materials or cutting labour costs.
Increase gross and net profits by increasing price.
What are the methods to increase liquidity margins?
Sell off fixed assets for cash then lease these back if needed.
Sell of inventories for cash which would improve acid test ratio only
Increase loans to inject cash into the business and increase working capital.
