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Microbiology > Chapter 2 > Flashcards

Chapter 2 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What are atoms?

A

particles that can be further subdivided into simpler unique particles by chemical means

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2
Q

What is comprised in the nucleus of an atom?

A

protons and neutrons

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3
Q

Where are the electrons located?

A

in the orbital pathways around the nucleus

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4
Q

How many elements have been described up to this date?

A

118 elements

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5
Q

How many naturally occurring elements are there?

A

94 elements

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6
Q

How many elements have been produced artificially in laboratories?

A

24 elements

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7
Q

How many elements are needed to support life processes?

A

25 elements (96% CHNO and 4% P, Ca, Na and others)

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8
Q

An atomic number is the number of _____ an element has.

A

protons

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9
Q

The atomic mass is equal to the number of _____ and _____ and elements has.

A

protons and neutrons

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10
Q

Which element has no neutron?

A

hydrogen

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11
Q

Isotopes are varieties of an element that contains the .same number of ______ but different number of _______.

A

protons and neutrons

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12
Q

What do the chemical properties of an element depends on?

A

the distribution of electrons in the outermost shell (valence shell)

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13
Q

What is an orbital?

A

the 3-D space where electrons are 90% of the time

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14
Q

What are the different states of energy for electrons in an atom called?

A

energy levels or energy shells

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15
Q

Where does the lowest energy electron lie?

A

closest to the nucleus

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16
Q

Where does the highest energy electron lie?

A

farthest away from the nucleus

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17
Q

What is electronegativity?

A

the attraction of an atom for the electron of a covalent bond

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18
Q

Which is the most electronegative element?

A

oxygen

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19
Q

What is a covalent bond?

A

the sharing of a pair of valence electrons by two atoms

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20
Q

A molecule with an unequal distribution of charge is termed?

A

polar (has a positive and negative poles)

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21
Q

What is a ionic bond?

A

when a valence electron is transferred from one to another giving both atoms a complete valence shell

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22
Q

What is a solution?

A

a mixture of solutes and solvents (water) that cannot be separated by filtration or setting

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23
Q

What is the most used unit of concentration for an aqueous solution?

A

molarity

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24
Q

What do scientists use to measure acid and base concentrations?

A

pH scale

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25
Q

What is a redox reaction?

A

the phenomenon in which electrons are transferred from one atom or molecule to another

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26
Q

What is oxidation?

A

any reaction that releases, donates, gives away, or losses an electron

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27
Q

What is reduction?

A

any reaction that causes an atom to receive, accept or gain an electron.

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28
Q

What is a substance that donates electrons and reduces another called?

A

reducing agent

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29
Q

What is a substance that receives an extra electron and oxidizes another called?

A

oxidizing agent

30
Q

Which element is the backbone of biological compounds because of its ability to form single, double or triple covalent bonds with itself and different elements?

A

carbon

31
Q

What are functional groups?

A

molecular groups or accessory molecules that bind to organic compounds

32
Q

What are the four kinds of macromolecules that are present in roughly the same proportions in all living things?

A

Protein, nucleic acids, carbohydrates, and lipids (in order of proportion)

33
Q

What are the main functions of carbohydrates?

A

structural support and protection, and serve as nutrients and energy stores (occur in chains or rings, two or more hydroxyl groups)

34
Q

Monosaccarides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides are joined by what kind of bonds?

A

glycosidic bonds (formed by dehydration)

35
Q

How many carbon atoms are there in monosaccharides?

A

3 to 7 carbon atoms

36
Q

glucose + glucose =

A

maltose

37
Q

glucose + fructose =

A

sucrose

38
Q

glucose + galactose =

A

lactose

39
Q

What are important polysaccharides?

A

starch, glycogen, cellulose, peptidoglycan, chitin, agar

40
Q

What is a primary storage molecule in plants?

A

starch (digestible by humans)

41
Q

What molecule is stored in animal liver and muscles?

A

glycogen

42
Q

What molecule allows rigidity to plant cell walls?

A

cellulose

43
Q

What is the most abundant organic substance on earth?

A

cellulose

44
Q

What molecule is the main source of support for bacterial cell walls?

A

peptidoglycan

45
Q

What is the main component of the exoskeleton of insects?

A

chitin

46
Q

What is agar?

A

solidifying agent for microbiological growth media

47
Q

Agar is obtained from what type of algae?

A

red algae of the genus Gelidium

48
Q

What is found in blood, antibodies and capsules of infectious bacteria in small amounts?

A

sugar

49
Q

What is a lipopolysaccharide?

A

a complex of a lipid and a polysaccharide

50
Q

Lipopolysaccharides are responsible for what symptoms?

A

fever and shock

51
Q

What are the three main groups of lipids?

A

triglycerides, phospholipids and steroids

52
Q

What role does cholesterol have in an animal cell?

A

it reinforces the cell membrane

53
Q

cholesterol is not present in with bacterial infection?

A

Mycoplasm pneumonia

54
Q

What type of cholesterol is found in fungi?

A

Ergosterol

55
Q

Why does Mycobacteria (causes tuberculosis and leprosy) repel ordinary stains?

A

because of their waxy mycolic acid present in their cell walls

56
Q

What are the predominant organic molecules in cells?

A

proteins

57
Q

What are the four structures of proteins?

A

primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary

58
Q

What are the building blocks of proteins?

A

amino acids

59
Q

How many naturally occurring essential amino acids are there?

A

20

60
Q

What serves as catalysts for specific reactions?

A

enzymes

61
Q

What are the proteins of enzymes coded for?

A

DNA

62
Q

What are the complex proteins involved in immunological systems of vertebrates?

A

antibodies (attach at to microorganisms at receptor molecules)

63
Q

What are long polymers of nucleotide (phosphate, sugar, and N-base) monomers?

A

nucleic acids

64
Q

What are the building blocks of nucleic acids?

A

nucleotides

65
Q

Double stranded nucleic acids are joined together by what type of bonds?

A

hydrogen bonds

66
Q

What are the specific portions of DNA that determines the making of a protein?

A

genes

67
Q

By what process are nucleic acids transmitted from one generation to the next?

A

replication

68
Q

What are the the two types of nitrogen bases?

A

pyrimidines and purines

69
Q

What are the pyrimidine nitrogen bases?

A

cytosine, uracyl, and thymine

70
Q

What are the purine nitrogen bases?

A

adenine and guanine

Microbiology (12 decks)

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