5.4 Defences To Herbivory Flashcards

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1
Q

What are some physical defences plants have to prevent them being eaten?

A
Thorns
Barbs
Spikes
Stings
Spiny leaves
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2
Q

(Chemical defences) tannins are compounds called what?

A

Phenols

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3
Q

(Chemical defences) how are phenols defences?

A

They have a bitter taste

Toxic to insects as they inactivate enzymes in their saliva

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4
Q

(Chemical defences) what are rich in tannins?

A

Tea

Red wine

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5
Q

(Chemical defences) alkaloids are bitter tasting compounds found where?

A

In nitrogenous plants

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6
Q

(Chemical defences) alkaloids act as drugs affecting what?

A

The metabolism of animals

Even poisoning animals

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7
Q

(Chemical defences) what are some alkaloids?

A

Caffeine
Nicotine
Morphine
Cocaine

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8
Q

(Chemical defences) caffeine is toxic to what?

A

Insects

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9
Q

(Chemical defences) nicotine is produced where?

A

Roots of tobacco plants stored in vacuoles

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10
Q

(Chemical defences) terpenoids are a large group of compounds forming what?

A

Essential oils

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11
Q

(Chemical defences) terpenoids can be toxins to what?

A

Insects and fungi attaching the plant

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12
Q

(Chemical defences) pyrethrin acts as a neurotoxin doing what?

A

Interfering with the nervous system if the animals consuming it

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13
Q

(Chemical defences) citronella produced by lemon grass acts as what?

A

Insect repellant

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14
Q

(Pheromones) what is a pheromone?

A

Chemical made by an organism affecting the social behaviour of other members of the same species

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15
Q

(Pheromones) plants do not behave socially but sometimes use what?

A

Pheromones

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16
Q

(Pheromones) if a maple tree is attacked by insects what happens?

A

Releases pheromone absorbed by leaves on other branches

17
Q

(Pheromones) the pheromone absorbed by the leaves causes them to produce what?

A

Callose to protect them

18
Q

(Pheromones) there is evidence plants can communicate by pheromones in which system?

A

roots

Telling another plant if they are under water stress

19
Q

(VOCs) what are VOCs?

A

Volatile organic compounds

20
Q

(VOCs) they act like pheromones between what?

A

Themselves and other organisms

21
Q

(VOCs) they diffuse where?

A

Into the air in and around the plant

22
Q

(VOCs) are made when the plant detects and attack by what and how?

A

Insects

By chemicals in their saliva

23
Q

(VOCs) thought to elicit what?

A

Gene switching

24
Q

(VOCs) cabbages - attacked by caterpillars produce a chemical signal attracting what?

A

The parasitic wasp cotesia glomerata

25
Q

(VOCs) cabbages - the wasp lays its eggs where?

A

Inside caterpillar larva so they are eaten alive when they hatch

26
Q

(VOCs) cabbages - this signal deters other cabbage white butterflies from doing what?

A

Laying their eggs

27
Q

(VOCs) apples - when apple trees are attacked by spider mites they produce VOCs that do what?

A

Attract predatory mites that eat the spider mites

28
Q

(VOCs) wheat - some wheat seedlings produce VOCs when attacked by aphids doing what?

A

Repelling other aphids

29
Q

(Folding) what plant can you see move?

A

Mimosa pudica

30
Q

(Folding) the mimosa pudica contains toxic alkaloid and its stem has what?

A

Sharp prickles

31
Q

(Folding) if leaves are touched what do they do?

A

Fold down and collapse

32
Q

(Folding) what do scientists think this lead folding does?

A

Scares off large herbivores and dislodges small insects

33
Q

(Folding) how do the plant leaves resume their position so quickly?

A

Due to movement of potassium ions into cells followed by osmosis