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Year 12 Biology > 5.4: B lymphocytes and humoral immunity > Flashcards

5.4: B lymphocytes and humoral immunity Flashcards

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1
Q

What are antibodies soluble in?

A

Antibodies are soluble in:

  1. The blood
  2. Tissue fluid of the body
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2
Q

There are many types of B cells, possibly up to how many?

A

There are many types of B cells, possibly up to 10 million

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3
Q

The first phase of the specific response to infection is the mitotic division of specific T cells to form a clone of the relevant T cells to do what?

A

The first phase of the specific response to infection is the mitotic division of specific T cells to form a clone of the relevant T cells to build up their numbers

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4
Q

What is an old-fashioned word for body fluids?

A

An old-fashioned word for body fluids is ‘humour’

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5
Q

There are many types of B cells, possibly up to 10 million and each B cell starts to produce what?

A

There are many types of B cells, possibly up to 10 million and each B cell starts to produce a specific antibody

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6
Q

There are many types of B cells, possibly up to 10 million and each B cell starts to produce a specific antibody that does what?

A

There are many types of B cells, possibly up to 10 million and each B cell starts to produce a specific antibody that responds to one specific antigen

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7
Q

There are many types of B cells, possibly up to 10 million and each B cell starts to produce a specific antibody that responds to one specific antigen.
When an antigen enters the blood or tissue fluid, there will be one B cell that has an antibody on its surface whose shape exactly fits the antigen - they are what?

A

When an antigen enters the blood or tissue fluid, there will be one B cell that has an antibody on its surface whose shape exactly fits the antigen - they are complementary

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8
Q

There are many types of B cells, possibly up to 10 million and each B cell starts to produce a specific antibody that responds to one specific antigen.
When an antigen enters the blood or tissue fluid, there will be one B cell that has an antibody on its surface whose shape exactly fits the antigen - they are complementary.
What does the antibody therefore do?

A

The antibody therefore attaches to this complementary antigen

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9
Q

There are many types of B cells, possibly up to 10 million and each B cell starts to produce a specific antibody that responds to one specific antigen.
When an antigen enters the blood or tissue fluid, there will be one B cell that has an antibody on its surface whose shape exactly fits the antigen - they are complementary.
The antibody therefore attaches to this complementary antigen.
How does the antigen enter the B cell?

A

The antigen enters the B cell by endocytosis

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10
Q

There are many types of B cells, possibly up to 10 million and each B cell starts to produce a specific antibody that responds to one specific antigen.
When an antigen enters the blood or tissue fluid, there will be one B cell that has an antibody on its surface whose shape exactly fits the antigen - they are complementary.
The antibody therefore attaches to this complementary antigen.
The antigen enters the B cell by endocytosis and what happens to it?

A

The antigen:

  1. Enters the B cell by endocytosis
  2. Gets presented on its surface (processed)
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11
Q

There are many types of B cells, possibly up to 10 million and each B cell starts to produce a specific antibody that responds to one specific antigen.
When an antigen enters the blood or tissue fluid, there will be one B cell that has an antibody on its surface whose shape exactly fits the antigen - they are complementary.
The antibody therefore attaches to this complementary antigen.
The antigen enters the B cell by endocytosis and gets presented on its surface (processed).
What bind to these processed antigens?

A

T helper cells bind to these processed antigens

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12
Q

There are many types of B cells, possibly up to 10 million and each B cell starts to produce a specific antibody that responds to one specific antigen.
When an antigen enters the blood or tissue fluid, there will be one B cell that has an antibody on its surface whose shape exactly fits the antigen - they are complementary.
The antibody therefore attaches to this complementary antigen.
The antigen enters the B cell by endocytosis and gets presented on its surface (processed).
T helper cells bind to these processed antigens and do what?

A

T helper cells:

  1. Bind to these processed antigens
  2. Stimulate this B cell to divide by mitosis to form a clone of identical B cells
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13
Q

There are many types of B cells, possibly up to 10 million and each B cell starts to produce a specific antibody that responds to one specific antigen.
When an antigen enters the blood or tissue fluid, there will be one B cell that has an antibody on its surface whose shape exactly fits the antigen - they are complementary.
The antibody therefore attaches to this complementary antigen.
The antigen enters the B cell by endocytosis and gets presented on its surface (processed).
T helper cells bind to these processed antigens and stimulate this B cell to divide by mitosis to form a clone of identical B cells, all of which do what?

A

T helper cells bind to these processed antigens and stimulate this B cell to divide by mitosis to form a clone of identical B cells, all of which produce the antibody that is specific to the foreign antigen

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14
Q

There are many types of B cells, possibly up to 10 million and each B cell starts to produce a specific antibody that responds to one specific antigen.
When an antigen enters the blood or tissue fluid, there will be one B cell that has an antibody on its surface whose shape exactly fits the antigen - they are complementary.
The antibody therefore attaches to this complementary antigen.
The antigen enters the B cell by endocytosis and gets presented on its surface (processed).
T helper cells bind to these processed antigens and stimulate this B cell to divide by mitosis to form a clone of identical B cells, all of which produce the antibody that is specific to the foreign antigen.
What is this called?

A

This is called clonal selection

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15
Q

There are many types of B cells, possibly up to 10 million and each B cell starts to produce a specific antibody that responds to one specific antigen.
When an antigen enters the blood or tissue fluid, there will be one B cell that has an antibody on its surface whose shape exactly fits the antigen - they are complementary.
The antibody therefore attaches to this complementary antigen.
The antigen enters the B cell by endocytosis and gets presented on its surface (processed).
T helper cells bind to these processed antigens and stimulate this B cell to divide by mitosis to form a clone of identical B cells, all of which produce the antibody that is specific to the foreign antigen.
This is called clonal selection and accounts for the body’s ability to do what?

A

This is called clonal selection and accounts for the body’s ability to respond rapidly to any of a vast number of antigens

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16
Q

A typical pathogen has many different proteins on its surface, all of which act as what?

A

A typical pathogen has many different proteins on its surface, all of which act as antigens

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17
Q

A typical pathogen has many different proteins on its surface, all of which act as antigens.
Some pathogens, such as what, also produce what?

A

Some pathogens, such as the bacterium that causes cholera, also produce toxins

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18
Q

A typical pathogen has many different proteins on its surface, all of which act as antigens.
Some pathogens, such as the bacterium that causes cholera, also produce toxins.
Each toxin molecule also acts as what?

A

Each toxin molecule also acts as a toxin

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19
Q

A typical pathogen has many different proteins on its surface, all of which act as antigens.
Some pathogens, such as the bacterium that causes cholera, also produce toxins.
Each toxin molecule also acts as a toxin.
Therefore, many different B cells make clones, each of which produces what?

A

Therefore, many different B cells make clones, each of which produces its own type of antibody

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20
Q

A typical pathogen has many different proteins on its surface, all of which act as antigens.
Some pathogens, such as the bacterium that causes cholera, also produce toxins.
Each toxin molecule also acts as a toxin.
Therefore, many different B cells make clones, each of which produces its own type of antibody.
As each clone produces one specific antibody, what are these antibodies referred to as?

A

As each clone produces one specific antibody, these antibodies are referred to as monoclonal antibodies

21
Q

A typical pathogen has many different proteins on its surface, all of which act as antigens.
Some pathogens, such as the bacterium that causes cholera, also produce toxins.
Each toxin molecule also acts as a toxin.
Therefore, many different B cells make clones, each of which produces its own type of antibody.
As each clone produces one specific antibody, these antibodies are referred to as monoclonal antibodies.
In each clone, what do the cells produced develop into?

A

In each clone, the cells produced develop into one of 2 types of cell:
1. Plasma cells
Or,
2. Memory cells

22
Q

What do plasma cells do?

A

Plasma cells secrete antibodies usually into blood plasma

23
Q

Plasma cells secrete antibodies usually into blood plasma.

How long do plasma cells survive for?

A

Plasma cells survive for only a few days

24
Q

Plasma cells secrete antibodies usually into blood plasma.

Plasma cells survive for only a few days, but each can do what?

A

Plasma cells survive for only a few days, but each can make around 2,000 antibodies every second during its brief lifespan

25
Q

Plasma cells secrete antibodies usually into blood plasma.
Plasma cells survive for only a few days, but each can make around 2,000 antibodies every second during its brief lifespan.
What do these antibodies lead to?

A

These antibodies lead to the destruction of the antigen

26
Q

Plasma cells secrete antibodies usually into blood plasma.
Plasma cells survive for only a few days, but each can make around 2,000 antibodies every second during its brief lifespan.
These antibodies lead to the destruction of the antigen.
What are the plasma cells therefore responsible for?

A

The plasma cells are therefore responsible for the immediate defence of the body against infection

27
Q

What is known as the primary immune response?

A

The production of:
1. Antibodies
2. Memory cells
is known as the primary immune response

28
Q

What are memory cells responsible for?

A

Memory cells are responsible for the secondary immune response

29
Q

Memory cells are responsible for the secondary immune response.
How long do memory cells live?

A

Memory cells live considerably longer than plasma cells, often for decades

30
Q

Memory cells are responsible for the secondary immune response.
Memory cells live considerably longer than plasma cells, often for decades.
Memory cells do not produce antibodies directly, but do what?

A

Memory cells do not produce antibodies directly, but circulate in:

  1. The blood
  2. Tissue fluid
31
Q

Memory cells are responsible for the secondary immune response.
Memory cells live considerably longer than plasma cells, often for decades.
Memory cells do not produce antibodies directly, but circulate in the blood and tissue fluid.
When memory cells encounter the same antigen at a later date, what do they do?

A

When memory cells encounter the same antigen at a later date, they:

  1. Divide rapidly
  2. Develop into plasma cells and more memory cells
32
Q

Memory cells are responsible for the secondary immune response.
Memory cells live considerably longer than plasma cells, often for decades.
Memory cells do not produce antibodies directly, but circulate in the blood and tissue fluid.
When memory cells encounter the same antigen at a later date, they divide rapidly and develop into plasma cells and more memory cells.
The plasma cells do what, while the new memory cells do what?

A

The:
1. Plasma cells produce the antibodies needed to destroy the pathogen
,while
2. New memory cells circulate in readiness for any future infection

33
Q

Memory cells are responsible for the secondary immune response.
Memory cells live considerably longer than plasma cells, often for decades.
Memory cells do not produce antibodies directly, but circulate in the blood and tissue fluid.
When memory cells encounter the same antigen at a later date, they divide rapidly and develop into plasma cells and more memory cells.
The plasma cells produce the antibodies needed to destroy the pathogen, while the new memory cells circulate in readiness for any future infection.
In this way, memory cells provide what against the original infection?

A

In this way, memory cells provide long-term immunity against the original infection

34
Q

Memory cells are responsible for the secondary immune response.
Memory cells live considerably longer than plasma cells, often for decades.
Memory cells do not produce antibodies directly, but circulate in the blood and tissue fluid.
When memory cells encounter the same antigen at a later date, they divide rapidly and develop into plasma cells and more memory cells.
The plasma cells produce the antibodies needed to destroy the pathogen, while the new memory cells circulate in readiness for any future infection.
In this way, memory cells provide long-term immunity against the original infection.
What happens at a faster rate than in the primary immune response?

A

An increased quantity of antibodies is secreted at a faster rate than in the primary immune response

35
Q

Memory cells are responsible for the secondary immune response.
Memory cells live considerably longer than plasma cells, often for decades.
Memory cells do not produce antibodies directly, but circulate in the blood and tissue fluid.
When memory cells encounter the same antigen at a later date, they divide rapidly and develop into plasma cells and more memory cells.
The plasma cells produce the antibodies needed to destroy the pathogen, while the new memory cells circulate in readiness for any future infection.
In this way, memory cells provide long-term immunity against the original infection.
An increased quantity of antibodies is secreted at a faster rate than in the primary immune response.
What does it ensure?

A

It ensures that a new infection is destroyed before it can cause any harm

36
Q

Memory cells are responsible for the secondary immune response.
Memory cells live considerably longer than plasma cells, often for decades.
Memory cells do not produce antibodies directly, but circulate in the blood and tissue fluid.
When memory cells encounter the same antigen at a later date, they divide rapidly and develop into plasma cells and more memory cells.
The plasma cells produce the antibodies needed to destroy the pathogen, while the new memory cells circulate in readiness for any future infection.
In this way, memory cells provide long-term immunity against the original infection.
An increased quantity of antibodies is secreted at a faster rate than in the primary immune response.
It ensures that a new infection is destroyed before it can cause any harm and individuals are often totally unaware that they have ever been what?

A

It ensures that a new infection is destroyed before it can cause any harm and individuals are often totally unaware that they have ever been infected

37
Q

The stages in the response of B lymphocytes to infection by a pathogen:
What are taken up by a B cell?

A

The surface antigens of an invading pathogen are taken up by a B cell

38
Q

The stages in the response of B lymphocytes to infection by a pathogen:
The surface antigens of an invading pathogen are taken up by a B cell.
What does the B cell do?

A

The B cell:

  1. Processes the antigens
  2. Presents them on its surface
39
Q

The stages in the response of B lymphocytes to infection by a pathogen:
The surface antigens of an invading pathogen are taken up by a B cell.
The B cell processes the antigens and presents them on its surface.
What attach to the processed antigens on the B cell?

A

Helper T cells attach to the processed antigens on the B cell

40
Q

The stages in the response of B lymphocytes to infection by a pathogen:
The surface antigens of an invading pathogen are taken up by a B cell.
The B cell processes the antigens and presents them on its surface.
Helper T cells attach to the processed antigens on the B cell, thereby doing what?

A

Helper T cells attach to the processed antigens on the B cell, thereby activating the B cell

41
Q

The stages in the response of B lymphocytes to infection by a pathogen:
The surface antigens of an invading pathogen are taken up by a B cell.
The B cell processes the antigens and presents them on its surface.
Helper T cells attach to the processed antigens on the B cell, thereby activating the B cell.
The B cell is now activated to do what?

A

The B cell is now activated to divide by mitosis to give a clone of plasma cells

42
Q

The stages in the response of B lymphocytes to infection by a pathogen:
The surface antigens of an invading pathogen are taken up by a B cell.
The B cell processes the antigens and presents them on its surface.
Helper T cells attach to the processed antigens on the B cell, thereby activating the B cell.
The B cell is now activated to divide by mitosis to give a clone of plasma cells.
What do the cloned plasma cells do?

A

The cloned plasma cells:
1. Produce
2. Secrete
the specific antibody that exactly fits the antigen on the pathogen’s surface

43
Q

The stages in the response of B lymphocytes to infection by a pathogen:
The surface antigens of an invading pathogen are taken up by a B cell.
The B cell processes the antigens and presents them on its surface.
Helper T cells attach to the processed antigens on the B cell, thereby activating the B cell.
The B cell is now activated to divide by mitosis to give a clone of plasma cells.
The cloned plasma cells produce and secrete the specific antibody that exactly fits the antigen on the pathogen’s surface.
What does the antibody do?

A

The antibody:

  1. Attaches to antigens on the pathogen
  2. Destroys them
44
Q

The stages in the response of B lymphocytes to infection by a pathogen:
The surface antigens of an invading pathogen are taken up by a B cell.
The B cell processes the antigens and presents them on its surface.
Helper T cells attach to the processed antigens on the B cell, thereby activating the B cell.
The B cell is now activated to divide by mitosis to give a clone of plasma cells.
The cloned plasma cells produce and secrete the specific antibody that exactly fits the antigen on the pathogen’s surface.
The antibody attaches to antigens on the pathogen and destroys them.
What do some B cells do?

A

Some B cells develop into memory cells

45
Q

The stages in the response of B lymphocytes to infection by a pathogen:
The surface antigens of an invading pathogen are taken up by a B cell.
The B cell processes the antigens and presents them on its surface.
Helper T cells attach to the processed antigens on the B cell, thereby activating the B cell.
The B cell is now activated to divide by mitosis to give a clone of plasma cells.
The cloned plasma cells produce and secrete the specific antibody that exactly fits the antigen on the pathogen’s surface.
The antibody attaches to antigens on the pathogen and destroys them.
Some B cells develop into memory cells.
How can these respond to future infections by the same pathogen?

A

These can respond to future infections by the same pathogen by:

  1. Dividing rapidly
  2. Developing into plasma cells that produce antibodies
46
Q

The stages in the response of B lymphocytes to infection by a pathogen:
The surface antigens of an invading pathogen are taken up by a B cell.
The B cell processes the antigens and presents them on its surface.
Helper T cells attach to the processed antigens on the B cell, thereby activating the B cell.
The B cell is now activated to divide by mitosis to give a clone of plasma cells.
The cloned plasma cells produce and secrete the specific antibody that exactly fits the antigen on the pathogen’s surface.
The antibody attaches to antigens on the pathogen and destroys them.
Some B cells develop into memory cells.
These can respond to future infections by the same pathogen by dividing rapidly and developing into plasma cells that produce antibodies.
What is this?

A

This is the secondary immune response

47
Q

The secondary immune response is what and has what than the primary immune response?

A

The secondary immune response:
1. Is faster
2. Has a greater intensity
than the primary immune response

48
Q

B cells respond to antigens by doing what?

A

B cells respond to antigens by producing antibodies

Year 12 Biology (69 decks)

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