5.3 - classification of biodiversity Flashcards
who developed the binomial nomenclature and what is it?
- Carolus linnaeus
- it names living organisms in a certain way so that all biologists use the same system
4 reasons why the binomial nomenclature is important.
- allows for identification and comparison
- all organisms are named and globally recognised because of it
- can make predictions of evolution links
- makes collecting, sorting and grouping easier
why do we have international cooperation to classify organisms?
because places have a local name but it varies so each organism needs an internationally recognised name.
what is the first name of the scientific name called?
genus and it is capitalised
- type in italics or write underlined
what is the second name of the scientific name called?
species and it is lowercase
- type in italics or write underlined
what are species organised into?
taxa (pl) or taxon
what is a taxon?
- a group of organisms
- a hierarchy used to classify organisms based on characteristics
what is the hierarchy that taxonomists follow?
the DOMAIN of the KINGDOM of PHYLUM has a CLASS of ORDERS where my FAMILY studies GENUS SPECIES
what are the three domains?
-Eubacteria: bacteria, prokaryotic cells, simple structure no nucleus, E. coli
-Archaea: archaeans, prokaryotic cells, simple and no nucleus, extremophiles
- Eukarya: eukaryotes, contain membrane-bound nucleus and organelles, protists, plants, fungi and animals
VIRUSES ARE NOT ANY OF THESE BC THEY DON’T LIVE
how does eukaryotic classification work?
- all eukaryotes using taxa
- kingdom level there is the highest number of species compared to species level with only one species.
what is natural classification?
- based on the theory that all members of a genus or higher taxon should have a common ancestor.
- expected that members of each group will share many characteristics
- each taxonomic level has species that have evolved from a common ancestor.
what is artificial grouping?
- grouping species such as birds, bats and butterflies because they have wings.
- limitations to natural classification as the species may not have a common ancestor jest bc of similar looks or features.
why is reviewing classification important?
- new evidence like protein sequencing, DNA hybridisation, and DNA sequencing can alter classification.
- can mean groups are split or combined
what are the three classification schemes?
- Artificial classification: identifying visual characteristics in a group of organisms
- Natural classification: grouping organisms based on similarities then characteristics related to ancestors
- Phylogenetic classification: organises organisms according to genetics
what are Dichotomous keys?
- a numbered species of pairs of descriptions or split into two categories repeatedly
- used to help identify something such as leaves
what is Bryophyta
- No vascularization (i.e. no xylem or
phloem). - contains a rhizoid and no “true” leaves, roots or stems.
Reproduces by releasing spores from the sporangia (reproductive stalk).
Examples: moss and liverwort
what is Filicinophyta
- Vascular structure (contains a xylem and phloem).
- Contains leaves, roots and stems (leaves are large fronds).
- Reproduces by releasing spores from clusters on the underside of the leaves (sori).
- Examples: ferns.
what are Coniferophyta?
- Vascular structure (contains a xylem and phloem).
- Contains leaves, roots and stems; the stems are woody and leaves are waxy and needle-like.
- Reproduce by non-motile gametes found in cones.
- Examples: pine trees and conifers.
what are Angiospermophyta?
- Vascular structure (contains a xylem and phloem).
- Contains leaves, roots and stems.
- Reproduces seeds produced in ovules within flowers (and seeds may develop in fruits).
- Examples: flowering plants.
what are Porifera?
- Asymmetrical body (varied shapes).
- No mouth or anus, and uses pores to facilitate the transport of materials.
- May have silica or calcium carbonate internal spicules for structural support.
- Examples: sea sponges.
what are Cnidaria?
- Radial symmetry.
- Has a mouth but no anus (only single entrance into body cavity).
- Soft (but can have calcium carbonate corals) and has tentacles with stinging cells
to disable and catch prey. - Examples: jellyfish, sea anemones and coral.
what are Platyhelmintha?
- Bilateral symmetry.
- Has a mouth but no anus.
- Flattened body shape to increase surface area to volume ratio. May be parasitic.
- Examples: tapeworms and planaria.
what are Annelida?
- Bilateral symmetry.
- Separate mouth and anus cavities.
- Body is composed of ringed segments and segments may be specialized in function.
- Examples: earthworms and leeches.
what are Mollusca?
- Bilateral symmetry.
- Has a separate mouth and anus cavity.
- Consists of a muscular foot and mantle (shell) and visceral mass.
- Examples: snails and octopus.
what are Arthropoda?
- Bilateral symmetry.
- Separate mouth and anus cavities.
- Has jointed body sections with a hard exoskeleton made of chitin.
- Examples: insects and spiders.
what are Chordata?
- Bilateral symmetry.
- Has a separate mouth and anus cavity.
- Contains a notochord with a dorsal
nerve tube for at least part of their life cycles. - Examples: birds, reptiles, mammals
and fish.
what are chordates?
- vertebrates
animals that have developed through an embryonic state
