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Biology mod 5 Communication, homeostasis and energy > 5.2.2 Respiration > Flashcards

5.2.2 Respiration Flashcards

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1
Q

Where does respiration occur?

A

The mitochondria.

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2
Q

Function of the mitochondria.

A

ATP synthesis.

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3
Q

How many membranes do mitochondria have?

A

Two

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4
Q

Structure of the inner membrane of a mitochondria.

A

Folded into cristae- site of electron transport chains and ATP synthase enzymes.

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5
Q

Why does the mitochondria’s inner membrane have a low pH?

A

High concentration of protons (H+ ions).

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6
Q

What is the fluid found in the middle of the mitochondria called?

A

Matrix

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7
Q

What does the matrix contain?

A

Ribosomes
enzymes for the krebs cycle and link reaction
Mitochondrial DNA

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8
Q

Why do mitochondria have a large surface area?

A

Due to the presence of cristae which enables the membrane to hold many electron transport chain proteins and ATP synthase enzymes.

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9
Q

What are the four stages of aerobic respiration?

A

Glycolysis
Link reaction
Krebs cycle
Oxidative phosphorylation

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10
Q

What is the first stage of respiration?

A

Glycolysis

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11
Q

Where does glycolysis take place?

A

Cytoplasm

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12
Q

Products of glycolysis.

A

2x Pyruvate
Net gain 2 ATP
2 reduced NAD (NADH)

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13
Q

Explain the stages of glycolysis.

A

1) Glucose is phosphorylated by adding 2 phosphates from 2 molecules of ATP. This creates 1 molecule of hexose biphosphate and 2 ADP.
2) Hexose biphosphate is split into 2 molecules of triose phosphate.
3) Triose phosphate is oxidised forming 2 molecules of pyruvate. This reaction uses 2 NAD to produce 2 NADH and 4ADP to produce 4ATP.

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14
Q

What is the purpose of the link reaction?

A

Converts pyruvate to acetyl co enyzyme A.

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15
Q

Where does the link reaction occur?

A

In the mitochondrial matrix.

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16
Q

Products of the link reaction.

A

Acetyl co enzyme A
CO2
Reduced NAD (NADH).

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17
Q

Explain the link reaction.

A

1) Pyruvate is oxidsed into Acetate which converts NAD into Reduced NAD and produces CO2.
2) Coenzyme A is added to Acetate which produces Acetyl co enzyme A.

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18
Q

What are the 3 enzymes used in respiration?

A

Coenzyme A
NAD
FAD

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19
Q

What is substrate level phosphorylation?

A

The formation of ATP without using electron transport chains.

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20
Q

Give an example of substrate level phosphorylation.

A

Glycolysis

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21
Q

Adaptation of intermembrane space in mitochondria.

A

Small so allows quick build up on protons when they are pumped in for chemiosmosis.

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22
Q

Where does the krebs cycle occur?

A

Matrix

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23
Q

Products of one turn of the krebs cycle.

A

2 CO2
3 NADH
1 FADH
1 ATP

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24
Q

Explain the krebs cycle.

A

Oxaloacetate accepts acetyl co enzyme A and forms citrate. Citrate is converted into oxaloacetate through redox reactions.
2x NAD are converted into Reduced NAD and release 2CO2.
ADP is converted into ATP. FAD is converted into Reduced FAD
NAD is converted into Reduced NAD.

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25
Q

Where does oxidative phosphorylation occur?

A

Inner mitochondrial membrane.

26
Q

Explain oxidative phosphorylation.

A

1) Hydrogen atoms are donated by reduced NAD (NADH) and reduced FAD (FADH) from the Krebs cycle.
2) Hydrogen atoms split into protons and electrons.
3) The high energy electrons enter the electron transport chain and release energy as they move down it.
4) The released energy is used to transport protons across the inner mitochondrial membrane from the matrix into the inter membrane space.
5) A concentration gradient of protons is established between the inter membrane space and the matrix.
6) The protons return to the matrix via facilitated diffusion through the channel protein ATP synthase.
7) The movement of protons provides energy for ATP synthesis.
8) Oxygen combines with protons and electrons at the end of the chain to form water.

27
Q

What is known as the final electron acceptor in oxidative phosphorylation.

A

Oxygen

28
Q

How many ATP molecules are in theory produced by aerobic respiration and why is this not the net gain?

A

32 ATP but it is lower as active transport is needed to transport pyruvate into the mitochondria.

29
Q

How many turns of the krebs cycle to produce one glucose molecule?

A

2

30
Q

Products of oxidative phosphorylation.

A

ATP and Water

31
Q

What are the stages of anaerobic respiration?

A

Glycolysis
Fermentation

32
Q

Consequences of cells with little to no oxygen.

A

-No final acceptor of electrons from ETC.
- ETC stops functioning
- No more ATP produced via oxidative phosphorylation.
-Krebs cycle stops as no oxidation of NAD and FAD.

33
Q

Does aerobic or anaerobic respiration produce a greater energy yeild?

A

Aerobic

34
Q

What type of cell does lactate fermentation occur in?

A

Animal cells

35
Q

What type of cell does ethanol fermentation occur in?

A

Yeast and other microorganisms.

36
Q

Why is fermentation of pyruvate necessary in anaerobic respiration.

A

So that NAD can cycle between its oxidised and reduced states so glycolysis can continue occuring.

37
Q

Where does lactate fermentation occur in humans?

A

The liver

38
Q

Reasons why anaerobic respiration is not sustainable in mammals?

A

1) Not enough ATP produced.
2) Lactate is a toxin and needs oxygen to break it down.

39
Q

Word equation for anaerobic respiration.

A

Glucose—> Lactic acid + water

40
Q

Is lactate fermentation reversible?

A

Yes

41
Q

Is ethanol fermentation reversible?

A

No

42
Q

Explain ethanol fermentation.

A

Pyruvate is decarboxylated to ethanal producing CO2.
Then ethanal is reduced to ethanol by the enzyme alcohol dehydrogenase which uses hydrogen from reduced NAD to form NAD.

43
Q

What is pyruvate converted to in ethanol fermenation? (2 steps)

A

Ethanal and then ethanol.

44
Q

Which enzyme catalyses the conversion of pyruvate into ethanal?

A

Pyruvate decarboxylase.

45
Q

Why cant ethanolic fermentation continue indefinitely?

A

Ethanol is a toxin in concentrations above around 15%.

46
Q

Explain lactate fermentation.

A

Reduced NAD transfers hydrogen to form lactate (and NAD) using the enzyme lactate dehydrogenase.

47
Q

What can be done with lactate after it is fermented?

A

-Can be oxidised back to pyruvate which is then channelled into the Krebs cycle for ATP production.
-Can be converted into glucose and then glycogen for storage in the liver.

48
Q

Which enzyme is used to convert pyruvate into lactate?

A

Lactate dehydrogenase.

49
Q

How are respiratory quotients calculated?

A

CO2 produced/ O2 consumed.

50
Q

Approximate respiratory quotient for lipids.

A

0.7

51
Q

Approximate respiratory quotient for proteins/amino acids.

A

0.9

52
Q

Approximate respiratory quotient for carbohydrates.

A

1

53
Q

What can the respiratory quotient be measured using?

A

Respirometer.

54
Q

Why is calculating the respiratory quotient useful?

A

It tells you what kind of respiratory substrate an organism is respiring.

55
Q

Under normal conditions, what is the usual RQ for humans?

A

Between 0.7 and 1

56
Q

Why are proteins usually used as a respiratory substrate as a last resort?

A

Less efficient than other substrates so this reduces the number of amino acids available to synthesise proteins. Damages muscles.

57
Q

Which respiratory substrates are used during normal activity.

A

Lipids and carbohydrates.

58
Q

Average energy level of carbohydrates.

A

15.8

59
Q

Average energy level of lipids.

A

39.4

60
Q

Average energy level of proteins.

A

17.0

Biology mod 5 Communication, homeostasis and energy (8 decks)

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