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Biology mod 5 Communication, homeostasis and energy > 5.1.4 Hormonal communication > Flashcards

5.1.4 Hormonal communication Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the endocrine system?

A

A complex network of glands and organs.

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2
Q

What are glands?

A

Groups of cells that produce and release one or more substances.

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3
Q

What is a hormone?

A

A chemical messenger produced when an endocrine gland is stimulated.

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4
Q

How are hormones transported?

A

In the blood.

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5
Q

Are the effects of hormones fast or slow?

A

Slow.

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6
Q

Which gland is known as the ‘master gland’

A

The pituitary gland.

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7
Q

What does the thyroid gland produce?

A

Thyroxine

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8
Q

What does the pancreas produce?

A

Insulin

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9
Q

What do the adrenal glands produce?

A

Adrenaline

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10
Q

What do the testes produce?

A

Testosterone

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11
Q

What do the ovaries produce?

A

Oestrogen

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12
Q

Why is a hormone called a first messenger?

A

Hormones carry the chemical messages the first part of the way from the endocrine gland to the receptor on the target cells. When the hormone binds to the receptor it activates an enzyme in he receptor which catalyses the production of a signalling molecule inside the cell.

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13
Q

What is known as a second messager?

A

The signalling molecule produced in a cell. They activate a cascade inside the cell.

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14
Q

What is the endocrine system made up of?

A

Endocrine glands which secrete hormones directly into the blood stream.

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15
Q

What do cells have to detect hormones?

A

Receptors specific to the hormones.

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16
Q

What are the two types of hormones?

A

-Peptide hormones
-Steroid hormones

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17
Q

Whats another name for steroid hormones?

A

Lipid-soluble hormones.

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18
Q

Examples of steroid hormones?

A

Testosterone
Oestrogen

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19
Q

Example of peptide hormones.

A

Adrenaline.

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20
Q

Give an example of a protein hormone binding to a receptor.

A

1) The hormone adrenaline is a first messenger and binds to specific receptors inside the cell membrane called adenylyl cyclase.
2) Activated adenylyl cyclase catalyses the production of a second messenger called cyclic AMP from ATP.
3) Cyclic AMP activates a cascade e.g a cascade of enzyme reactions which will make glucose available to the cell.

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21
Q

What is the outer part of the adrenal gland called?

A

adrenal cortex.

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22
Q

What is the inner part of the adrenal gland called?

A

Inner/adrenal medulla.

23
Q

What does the adrenal medulla produce?

A

Catecholamine hormones e.g adrenaline and noradrenaline.

24
Q

What does the cortex produce?

A

Steroid hormones e.g cortisol.

25
Q

Example of a secondary messenger.

A

cAMP (cylic AMP)

26
Q

What are the effects of steroid hormones released by the cortex in times of stress?

A

-Stimulates the breakdown of proteins and fats into glucose.
-Increased amount of energy available so brain and muscles can respond to the situation.
-Increases blood volume and pressure.
-Suppresses the immune system.

27
Q

What are the effects of hormones released by the medulla in times of stress?

A

-increases heart and breathing rate.
-causes cells to break down glycogen into glucose.
-Constricts some blood vessels so blood is diverted to brain and muscles.

28
Q

What type of things change the concentrations of glucose in the blood?

A

-Eating
-Exercise

29
Q

What are the areas of the pancreas that contain endocrine tissue called?

A

Islets of langerhans.

30
Q

Different types of cells found in islets of langerhans.

A

Alpha cells
Beta cells

31
Q

What do alpha cells make?

A

Glucagon

32
Q

What do beta cells make?

A

Insulin

33
Q

What does insulin do?

A

Lowers blood glucose concentration when it is too high.

34
Q

What does glucagon do?

A

Raises blood glucose concentration when it is too low.

35
Q

How does insulin lower blood glucose concentration when too high?

A

1) Alpha cells stop secreting glucagon and Insulin binds to specific receptors on the cell membranes of liver and muscle cells.
2) Increases the permeability of cell membranes to glucose.
3) Activates enzymes to convert glucose into glycogen.
4) Cells store glycogen in their cytoplasm.
5) Less glucose in blood.

36
Q

How does glucagon raise blood glucose concentration when too high?

A

1) Beta cells stop secreting insulin.
2) Glucagon binds to receptors on membrane of liver cells.
3) Glucagon activates enzymes that break down glycogen into glucose.
4) Glucagon promotes the formation of glucose from glycerol and amino acids.

37
Q

What is gluconeogenesis?

A

The process of forming glucose from non-carbohydrates.

38
Q

What is glycogenesis?

A

Forming glycogen.

39
Q

What is glycogenolysis?

A

Breaking down glycogen.

40
Q

What kind of hormones are insulin and glucagon?

A

Antagonistic

41
Q

What is diabetes?

A

When blood glucose concentration cannot be controlled properly.

42
Q

What is type 1 diabetes?

A

When no insulin is produced as the body attacks and destroys beta cells in the islets of langerhans which results in the alpha cells feeling fatiged.

43
Q

When does type 1 diabetes usually develop?

A

Children or young adults who have a family history.

44
Q

How is type 1 diabetes usually treated?

A

Insulin therapy.
(Regular insulin injections throughout the day or an insulin pump which continuously delivers insulin into the body)

45
Q

What is type 2 diabetes linked to?

A

obesity

46
Q

What is type 2 diabetes?

A

When the beta cells in the islets of langerhans do not respond to insulin as their receptors dont work.

47
Q

When does type 2 diabetes usually develop?

A

Later in life.

48
Q

How can type 2 diabetes be initially managed?

A

Lifestyle changes such as a healthy died, regular exercise and losing weight.

49
Q

If blood glucose concentration cannot be controlled by lifestyle changes in people with type 2 diabetes then what is used?

A

Medication such as Metformin, Sulfonylureas, Thiazolindinediones.

50
Q

Why do individuals with poorly controlled diabetes often also have a high blood pressure?

A

there is a larger volume of blood within the circulatory system due to the high blood glucose concentration lowering the water potential of the blood.

51
Q

Difference between previous treatment of type 1 diabetes to now.

A

Insulin used to be extracted from animal pancreases but now can be made by GM bacteria.

52
Q

Benefits of using GM bacteria to produce insulin.

A

-Producing insulin using GM bacteria is cheaper than extracting it from animal pancreases.
-Larger quantities of insulin can be produced using GM bacteria,
-GM bacteria make human insulin which is more effective than a pig or cattle insulin so it is less likely to be rejected by the immune system or trigger an allergic response.
Some people prefer GM bacteria insulin for ethical or religious reasons. E.g vegetarians may object the use of animals.

53
Q

What could be a potential cure for diabetes?

A

Stem cell transplants e.g transplants of beta cells which could be implanted into the pancreas.

Biology mod 5 Communication, homeostasis and energy (8 decks)

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