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Biology Year 2 > 5.2.2- Respiration > Flashcards

5.2.2- Respiration Flashcards

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1
Q

what is the need for cellular respiration

A

to release energy for cells, that is used as a temporary energy store (ATP)

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2
Q

what is ATP seen as, hint currency?

A

the universal energy currency

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3
Q

what are the 8 biological processes that cells use ATP for?

A

-active transport
-exocytosis
-endocytosis
-DNA replication
-protein synthesis
-polysaccharide synthesis
-cell division
-muscle contraction

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4
Q

what are the 4 key main features of a mitochondrion?

A

-outer membrane
-inner membrane/cristae
-matrix
-mitochondrial DNA

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5
Q

why is the cristae in mitochondrion folded?

A

to increase the surface area

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6
Q

where in a cell does glycolysis occur?

A

the cytoplasm

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7
Q

what is glycolysis?

A

the phosphorylation of glucose, energy is extracted from glucose with no oxygen needed

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8
Q

what are the two distinct phases in glycolysis?

A

-phosphorylation (phosphate added)
-dehydrogenation (pyruvate is formed, and ATP and reduced NAD are released)

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9
Q

what occurs in glycolysis?

A

-glucose
+2 ATP
= hexose biphosphate
-splits
= 2 triose phosphates
+ Pi to both
= 2 triose biophosphate
-4 ATP released
-2 reduced NAD released
= 2 pyruvates

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10
Q

what is the net primary productivity of glycolysis?

A

2 (start with 2, end with 4)

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11
Q

what is the link reaction?

A

when the pyruvate is oxidised to acetate

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12
Q

where does the link reaction occur?

A

the matrix of the mitochondria

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13
Q

what happens during the link reaction?

A

pyruvate
- carbon dioxide released
-reduced NAD released
= acetyl group + coenzyme A
= acetylcoenzymeA

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14
Q

what is the Krebs Cycle?

A

the Citric Acid Cycle, where 4 carbon citric acid is produced
it is when acetyl CoA combines with a oxoloacetate to make citrate, dehydrogenation and decarboxylation

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15
Q

where does the Kreb’s Cycle occur?

A

the matrix of the mitochondria

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16
Q

what does AcetylecoenzymeA combine with within the Krebs Cycle?

A

oxoloacetate

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17
Q

how many cycles occur for one glucose molecule?

A

2

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18
Q

what is oxidative phosphorylation?

A

the production of ATP using H atoms removed during glycolysis, link reaction and the Kreb’s Cycle
it involves oxidation-reduction reactions, as electrons from the H atoms are passed down a series of electron carriers, energy for making ATP is realised

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19
Q

what occurs during oxidative phosphorylation?

A

-high energy electrons are passed down the electron carriers, but they lose energy as they are passed down.
-energy released is used to allow H+ ions across the membrane via the electron carriers
-protons can only move back through the membrane across the ATP synthase
-this movement caused the bottom of the ATP synthase to spin and ADP and Pi attach to make ATP.

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20
Q

what does chemiosmosis mean?

A

the flow of H+ ions through ATP synthase during oxidative phosphorylation

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21
Q

where does oxidative phosphorylation occur?

A

across the cristae

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22
Q

what is anaerobic respiration?

A

the release of energy from substrates, in the absence of oxygen

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23
Q

what are the 3 coenzymes involved in aerobic respiration?

A

-NAD
-FAD
-coenzyme A

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24
Q

what is the role of NAD in aerobic respiration?

A

role in energy metabolism by accepting and donating electrons

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25
Q

what is the role of FAD in aerobic respiration?

A

an electron carrier, deceivers electrons to electron transport chain after being reduced in the Krebs Cycle

26
Q

what is the role of Coenzyme A in aerobic respiration?

A

it is used to transfer aceyl groups
a reactant for reaction, it releases a molecule of CO2 and reduces NAD and FAD

27
Q

what is the first step of aerobic respiration?

A

glycolysis, where 2 ATP, 2 reduced NAD and 2 pyruvate are produced per glucose

28
Q

what is produced from pyruvate in animal cells during anaerobic respiration?

A

lactate

29
Q

what occurs during anaerobic respiration in muscle cells?

A

-lactate fermentation
-pyruvate accepts H atoms from reduced NAD to form lactate
-lactate hydrogenase catalyses this reaction
-NAD is regenerated and is now available to accept more H atoms from glucose, allowing glycolysis to continue?

30
Q

what is produced from pyruvate during anaerobic respiration of plant and microbe cells?

A

carbon dioxide and ethanol

31
Q

what occurs during anaerobic respiration of yeast cells?

A

-alcohol fermentation
-pyruvate decarboxylase catalyses the removal of C02 from pyruvate to produce ethanal
-ethanal accepts the H atoms from reduced NAD forming ethanol
-ethanol dehydrogenase catalyses this reaction
-NAD is regenerated and is available to accept more H atoms from glucose, allowing glycolysis to continue.

32
Q

what is the benefit of anaerobic respiration in muscles and yeast?

A

muscles= allows muscle contraction to continue
yeast= allows yeast cells to continue growing

33
Q

what is a respiratory substrate?

A

any organic substance that can be used for respiration

34
Q

what are the 3 types of respiratory substrate?

A

-carbohydrates
-proteins
-lipids

35
Q

what do different respiratory substrates yield?

A

they yield different amounts of ATP and so they have different energy content

36
Q

why do respiratory substrates have different energy content?

A

because they each have different proportions of H atoms per gram
-the more H atoms per gram, the more reduced NAD and FAD, so more ATP is generated in oxidative phosphorylation, meaning they have more energy per gram.

37
Q

what is the energy content of carbohydrates?

A

16 kJg -1

38
Q

what is the energy content of proteins?

A

17 kJg -1

39
Q

what is the energy content of lipids?

A

39 kJg -1

40
Q

give some details on carbohydrates as a respiratory substrate?

A

-they are the first substrate a cell uses, but stores are used up quickly
-all cells respire glucose, which comes from hydrolysis of stored starch or glycogen

41
Q

give some details on proteins as a respiratory substrate?

A

-not normally respired, except during starvation
-amino acids are released by digestion are respired
-excess amino acids are deaminated to urea and carbohydrate

42
Q

give some details on lipids as a respiratory substrate?

A

-lipids are hydrolysed into glycerol and fatty acids (contain a high proportion of H atoms)
-glycerol is converted into carbohydrate, which is used in glycolysis
-fatty acids are converted to acetate, into Kreb’s Cycle

43
Q

what is the RQ calculation?

A

RQ= respiration quotient
RQ = CO2 produced / O2 consumed

44
Q

what is the RQ for carbohydrates?

A

1

45
Q

what is the RQ for protein?

A

0.9

46
Q

what is the RQ code for lipids?

A

0.7

47
Q

what is used to measure the respiratory quotent?

A

a respirometer

48
Q

why is the RQ value for carbohydrates 1?

A

it takes 6 oxygen molecules to completely respire one glucose molecule, which results in the production of 6 carbon dioxide molecules

49
Q

why is the RQ value for protein 0.9?

A

the structure of amino acids leads to an RQ between carbohydrates and lipids

50
Q

why is the RQ value for lipids 0.7?

A

lipids contain a greater proportion of carbon-hydrogen bonds so they produce more ATP in respiration
the greater number of carbon-hydrogen bonds, more oxygen is required to break them down and so less carbon dioxide is released

51
Q

what is a respirometer?

A

a device used to measure the rate of respiration of a living organism by measuring its rate of exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide.

52
Q

what is the equation used to calculate respiration rate in a given time?

A

pi x r2 x h / t

53
Q

what units are used for respiration rate?

A

cm3/min

54
Q

why does anaerobic respiration produce a lower yield of ATP than aerobic respiration?

A

as there is no oxygen, glucose is not completely broken down and so less energy is released

55
Q

how much energy is released in the reaction of converting ATP into ADP and Pi?

A

30.6 kJ

56
Q

what is the last acceptor in oxidative phosphorylation?

A

oxygen

57
Q

how much ATP is released in glycolysis?

A

2

58
Q

how much ATP is released during the KREB’S CYCLE?

A

2

59
Q

how much ATP is released during oxidative phosphorylation?

A

28

60
Q

in total, how much reduced NAD is released during respiration?

A

10

61
Q

in total, how much reduced FAD is released during respiration?

A

2

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