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5.2. Invertebrates - Part I > 5.2.2. Cnidaria > Flashcards

5.2.2. Cnidaria Flashcards

1
Q

_____and ____ are the simplest living animals with true tissues and thus form the base of the evolutionary group _____—the “true animals; nearly all marine, with only a few known freshwater species of cnidarians

A

Cnidarians and ctenophores

Eumetazoa

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2
Q

Cnidaria is derived from the unique stinging cells, called ____, present on the body and tentacles of the members of this group.

A

cnidocytes

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3
Q

____ are commonly called comb jellies (or comb jellyfish)due to the presence of eight ciliated bands superficially resembling combs that encircle the body.

A

Ctenophores

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4
Q

“comb bearers”

A

Ctenophores

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5
Q

Ctenophores exchange gas through ___

A

simple diffusion

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6
Q

_____

-are nearly all carnivorous but do not actively pursue their prey.
-have ____symmetry
-lack any definite concentration of nervous tissue or sensory organs.
possess a _____ (majority nonpolarized) that connects the uniformly distributed sensory cells and motor neurons to enable a limited number of coordinated movements and behaviors through innervations of the longitudinal and circular “muscle” cells.
-___ arrangement, consisting of an outer epidermis and an inner gastrodermis.

A

Cnidarians
radial
nerve net
diploblastic

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7
Q

Cnidarians have two basic body forms____ and ____

A

polyps and medusae

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8
Q
  • gelatinous layer between epidermis and inner gastrodermis
A

mesoglea

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9
Q
  • central digestive cavity in gastrodermis; has only a single opening (mouth) for ingesting and excreting
A

gastrovascular cavity

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10
Q

-represented by a cylindrical organism that remains attached to the substrate by a short stalk and has a mouth that faces away from the substrate (usually upward).

A

polyp

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11
Q

______- more circular, umbrella shaped form with a mouth on the underside; generally are free floating with tentacles that hang downward, surrounding the mouth; body shape is maintained to some degree by the viscosity of the gelatinous mesoglea and by the regulation of fluid in the gastrovascular cavity, an example of a ____.

A

medusa

hydrostatic skeleton

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12
Q

In _____ the polyp is the predominant form in the life cycle

A

hydrozoans

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13
Q

Hydrozoans (Class Hydrozoa)

asexual reproduction in the ____ form and sexual reproduction in the ____ form
___ is the predominant body form

A

polyp; medusa

polyp

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14
Q
  • polyps are assembled into colonies
A

Obelia

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15
Q

____-do not produce medusae; exist as single, mobile polyps that reproduce either sexually (through production of sperm and eggs) or asexually (through budding) producing a new polyp

A

Hydra

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16
Q
  • the defining characteristics of cnidarians
  • use these tiny cells both for capturing prey and also as a deterrent to predators
  • line the tentacles and outer surface of the cnidarian body.
A

Cnidocytes

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17
Q

-a stinging capsule within each cnidocyte

A

Nematocyst

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18
Q

connected by branches of a common gastrovascular cavity (coenosarc), making them all part of a larger functioning body.

A

Colonial hydrozoans- Members of the genus Obelia

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19
Q
  • This cooperative venture allows certain polyps to develop into highly specialized feeding polyps, and others to lose the ability to feed altogether in exchange for an enhanced ability to reproduce.
A

Coenosarc

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20
Q

____illustrates an alternation of the sexual (medusa)and asexual (polyp) stages commonly seen in hydrozoans.

A

Obelia

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21
Q

Each zygote develops into a ciliated, swimming ____ that settles to the bottom of the ocean floor, attaches itself to the substrate, and begins to create a new generation of polyps through asexual budding.

A

planula larva

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22
Q

thick layer of gelatinous mesoglea

A

True Jellyfish (Class Scyphozoa)

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23
Q

largest scyphozoans

A

Cyanea-

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24
Q

In _____, the medusa stage is dominant, with the polyp stage relegated to an inconspicuous, short lived larval form that matures quickly into a polyp that buds off young medusae.

A

Cyanea

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25
Q
  • moon jellyfish; common genus
A

Aurelia

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26
Q

_____ are represented by sessile organisms in the ____ stage, existing as solitary individuals (sea anemones) or as true colonies of dozens to thousands of individuals (corals)

life cycle does not include a free swimming ___ stage.

the most numerous and most specialized

A

Anthozoans
polyp
medusa

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27
Q
  • common North Atlantic sea anemone
A

Metridium

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28
Q

species of small, marine invertebrates with transparent, bioluminescent, gelatinous bodies commonly referred to as ____” “sea walnuts,” or simply ctenophores.

A

“comb jellies,

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29
Q

is derived from the unique distinguishing characteristic that all members of the phylum
possess—eight rows of evenly spaced ciliated bands (_____) that encircle the body longitudinally
most species possess either a pair of tentacles or oral lobes that are used to collect food but lack the ____
these carnivorous predators capture prey by discharging a ____ from specialized cells
have a decentralized nerve net without a brain, and the body wall is composed of two layers: an ___ and ___

A 
Comb jellies phylum Ctenophora
comb plates
stinging cnidocytes
sticky adhesive
outer epidermis and inner gastrodermis
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30
Q

Do/Are Comb jellies ____

have a complete digestive system?
monoecious (hermaphroditic)/ dioecious?

A

Yes. they have complete digestive system

monoecious

31
Q
  • gelatinous layer similar to mesoglea sandwiched between the two tissue layers.
A

collenchyme

31
Q

-an animal’s response to stimuli in its environment

A

Behavior

32
Q

-basic physiological unit of behavior; consists of sensory structures, neurons, and muscles (or glands) whose actions are coordinated to bring about certain behaviors.

A

motor system

33
Q

-is the series of immediate physiological events that led up to the specific behavior; explaining how the behavior occurs

A

proximate cause

34
Q

-the resultant selective advantages that have promoted that behavior to remain in the animal’s repertoire of possible responses and to evolve over time; explaining why the behavior exists

A

ultimate cause

35
Q

Give four major classes of cnidarians

A

Hydrozoa
Scyphozoa
Cubozoa
Anthozoa

36
Q

Complete the words (Hint: representatives/examples)

Hydrozoa: H___, O____, P____
Scyphozoa: J___ (Aurelia)
Cubozoa: Box jellyfish (C____)
Anthozoa: S____ (Metridium), c____, sea fans

A

Hydra, Obelia, Portuguese man of war
Jellyfish (Aurelia)
(Chironex)
Sea anemones (Metridium), corals, sea fans

37
Q

Alternation of polyp and medusa stages in most species, medusa has velum, mostly marine with a few freshwater species, colonial or solitary

A

Hydrozoa

38
Q

Solitary, free floating medusa most prominent form, medusa without velum, mostly marine, mesogleal layer generally thick

A

scyphozoa

39
Q

Solitary, free swimming, medusa most prominent form, medusa has velarium (similar to hydrozoan velum), small body (generally 2–3 cm) with square shaped bell, tropical or subtropical

A

Cubozoa

40
Q

No medusa stage—polyp stage predominates life cycle, entirely marine, may be colonial or
solitary, gastrovascular cavity divided by septa into chambers to increase digestive surface area

A

Anthozoa

41
Q

(Hydra anatomy)

Defense and prey capture

A

Tentacles

42
Q

(Hydra anatomy)

Ingestion of food and elimination of indigestible particles (egestion)

A

Mouth

43
Q

(Hydra anatomy)

Elevated mound of tissue that expands or contracts to regulate size of mouth opening

A

Hypostome

44
Q

(Hydra anatomy)

Specialized stinging cells located in the epidermal layer of the tentacles and body wall

A

Cnidocytes

45
Q

(Hydra anatomy)

Chamber within which extracellular digestion of prey occurs; only opening is through the mouth

A

Gastrovascular cavity

46
Q

(Hydra anatomy)

Product of asexual reproduction; will fall off when mature and become a self sufficient organism

A

Bud

47
Q

(Hydra anatomy)

Organs for sexual reproduction; Hydra are dioecious, meaning that an organism has either testes or ovaries
(male or female), but not both

A

Gonads (testes and ovaries)

48
Q

(Hydra anatomy)

Specialized region for attachment to the substrate

A

Basal disc

49
Q

(Hydra anatomy)

Outer tissue layer; specialized for protection

A

Epidermis

50
Q

(Hydra anatomy)

Inner tissue layer; specialized for digestion

A

Gastrodermis

51
Q

(Hydra anatomy)

Inert, acellular, jellylike substance that aids in supporting the body

A

Mesoglea

52
Q

(Anatomy of Obelia)

Polyp specialized for food acquisition

A

Hydranth (feeding polyp)

53
Q

(Anatomy of Obelia) Polyp

Polyp specialized for reproduction

A

Gonangium (reproductive polyp)

54
Q

(Anatomy of Obelia) Polyp

Product of asexual reproduction;medusae will be released from the gonangium
when mature and will produce either sperm or eggs, which fuse with the respective
gamete forming a zygote that will develop into a new polyp

A

Medusa buds

55
Q

(Anatomy of Obelia) Polyp

Common chamber within which extracellular digestion occurs; nutrients are
distributed throughout organism

A

Coenosarc

56
Q

(Anatomy of Obelia) Polyp

Translucent outer covering of organism; serves protective function

A

Perisarc

57
Q

(Anatomy of Obelia) medusae

Stalk of fleshy tissue that supports the mouth

A

Manubrium

58
Q

State the structures in the Polyp of Obelia (7) and Medusa of Obelia(4)

A

Polyp:
Hydranth (feeding polyp); Tentacles; Hypostome; Gonangium (reproductive polyp); Medusa buds; Coenosarc; Perisarc

Medusa:
Tentacles: Manubrium; Mouth; Gonads

59
Q

(Anatomy of Aurelia)

Provide sensory information and used in defense and locomotion

A

Marginal tentacles

60
Q

(Anatomy of Aurelia)

Defense and prey capture

A

Oral arms

61
Q

(Anatomy of Aurelia)

One of four divisions of the gastrovascular cavity for digestion of food

A

Gastric pouch

62
Q

(Anatomy of Aurelia)

Extensions of the gastric pouches that radiate outward from the pouches and distribute nutrients through
out body

A

Radial canals

63
Q

(Anatomy of Aurelia)

Circular extension of the gastric pouches that distributes nutrients to outer rim of jellyfish

A

Circular canal

64
Q

(Anatomy of Metridium)

Raised portion of the mouth (equivalent to the hypostome of hydrozoans)

A

Oral disc

65
Q

(Anatomy of Metridium)

Pore that allows circulation of fluids between adjacent body sections

A

Ostium

66
Q

(Anatomy of Metridium)

Muscular portion of the gastrovascular cavity for pulling prey inward and expelling indigestible particles

A

Pharynx

67
Q

(Anatomy of Metridium)

Expand and contract the body

A

Retractor muscles

68
Q

(Anatomy of Metridium)

Specialized chamber for extracellular digestion of prey

A

Gastrovascular cavity

69
Q

(Anatomy of Metridium)

One of six thin, vertical walls that divides body into sections, providing support and increased surface area
for digestion

A

Primary septum

70
Q

(Anatomy of Metridium)

One of several thin, incomplete vertical walls that further subdivides body, providing support and increased
surface area for digestion

A

Secondary septum

71
Q

(Anatomy of Metridium)

Tough, fleshy base that attaches organism to rocks or sandy ocean floor; most anemonescan use this
to move slowly, gliding along the ocean floor

A

Pedal disc

71
Q

(Anatomy of Metridium)

Contain cnidocytes and may be extended through the mouth to aid in subduing live prey or to provide
additional defense against predators

A

Acontia

5.2. Invertebrates - Part I (5 decks)

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