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Biology > 5.1.5 plant and animal responses > Flashcards

5.1.5 plant and animal responses Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the Central nervous system and the Peripheral nervous system?

A

The CNS consists of the brain and spinal cord (relay neurones), and the PNS consists of all the neurones that connect the CNS to rest of the body (sensory and motor neurones).

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2
Q

What is the Somatic nervous system?

A

The system which is under conscious control, conducts impulses from the sense organs to skeletal muscles.

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3
Q

What is the Autonomic nervous system?

A

The system which is under subconscious control and is involuntary, and conducts impulses to the cardiac muscle, smooth muscle, and glands.

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4
Q

What is the sympathetic motor system?

A

‘fight or flight’ response, and neurotransmitter: noradrenaline.

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5
Q

What is the the parasympathetic motor system?

A

relaxing responses, and neurotransmitter: acetylcholine.

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6
Q

What are the five main parts of the brain?

A

-Cerebrum
-Cerebellum
-Medulla Oblongata
-Hypothalamus
-Pituitary gland

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7
Q

What is the function of the Cerebrum?

A

The Cerebrum controls voluntary actions: vision, hearing, learning, and thinking.

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8
Q

What is the function of the Cerebellum?

A

The Cerebellum controls unconscious functions: posture, balance, and non-voluntary movement.
It does not initiate movement but coordinates it.

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9
Q

What is the function of the Medulla Oblongata?

A

The Medulla Oblongata is used in autonomic control and controls reflex actions. It controls heart rate and breathing rate for example.

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10
Q

What is the function of the Hypothalamus?

A

The Hypothalamus is the regulatory centre for temperature and water balance.
It controls complex patterns of behaviour, monitors the composition of blood plasma, and produces hormones (endocrine gland).

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11
Q

What is the function of the Pituitary gland?

A

The Pituitary gland stores and releases hormones, and stimulates other glands.

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12
Q

What is the Posterior and Anterior Pituitary?

A

The Posterior Pituitary (back) stores and releases hormones made by the Hypothalamus e.g. ADH.
The Anterior Pituitary (front) produces six hormones involved in reproduction and growth e.g. FSH.

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13
Q

What are the four parts of the Cerebrum?

A

-Frontal lobe
-Temporal lobe
-Parietal lobe
-Occipital lobe

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14
Q

What does the Frontal lobe control?

A

Behaviour, decision making, and emotion.

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15
Q

What does the Temporal lobe control?

A

Auditory (languages).

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16
Q

What does the Parietal lobe control?

A

Senses.

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17
Q

What does the Occipital lobe control?

A

Vision, perception, motion, and colour.

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18
Q

What is the standard pathway for the reflex arc?

A

-Stimuli
-Receptor
-Sensory neurone
-Relay neurone
-Motor neurone
-Effector
-Response

19
Q

What is the knee-jerk reflex?

A

The knee-jerk reflex is a spinal reflex commonly tested by doctors.
The Patellar tendon is knocked which causes stretching and stimulates stretch receptors in quadriceps, this is passed to sensory neurone and then motor neurone and to the effector.
The leg should normally straighten.
The reflex helps the body to maintain posture and balance.

20
Q

What is the blinking reflex?

A

The blinking reflex is a cranial reflex.
When the cornea detects a stimulus, it sends a signal to the brain and sent along branches to close the eyelids at the same time (consensual response).
Doctors test this reflex on unconscious people, if the reflex works it indicates the lower brain stem is functioning, if not the patient is considered brain dead.

21
Q

What are the three main types of muscle?

A

-Skeletal muscle.
-Cardiac muscle.
-Involuntary muscle.

22
Q

What is the structure of Skeletal muscle?

A

-Striated.
-Regularly arranged=>muscle contracts in one direction.
-Fibres are tubular and multinucleated.

23
Q

What is the structure of Cardiac muscle?

A

-Specialised striated.
-Cells branch and interconnect=>simultaneous contraction.
-Fibres are branched and uninucleated.

24
Q

What is the structure of Involuntary muscle?

A

-Non-striated.
-No regular arrangement=>different cells contract in different directions.
-Fibres are spindle shaped and uninucleated.

25
Q

What is the contraction speed and length of Skeletal, Cardiac, and Involuntary muscle?

A

Skeletal- rapid speed and short length.
Cardiac- Intermediated speed and length.
Involuntary- slow speed and relatively long length.

26
Q

What is the control of Skeletal, Cardiac, and Involuntary muscle?

A

Skeletal-conscious/voluntary.
Cardiac-involuntary.
Involuntary-involuntary.

27
Q

What is the gross structure of skeletal muscle?

A

-Muscle cells fused together to form bundles of parallel muscle fibres (myofibrils)=>ensures there is no point of weakness between cells.
-Each bundle surrounded by endomycium: loose connective tissue with many capillaries.

28
Q

What is the structure of a muscle fibre?

A

Enclosed in sarcolemma, shared cytoplasm within a muscle fibre called sarcoplasm.
Parts of the sarcolemma fold inwards (transverse tubules).
Contains myofibrils which are high specialised for contraction, and Sarcoplasmic reticulum.

29
Q

What is the role of the Sarcoplasmic reticulum?

A

-storage and release of Ca2+ for muscle contraction.

30
Q

What is Actin?

A

Actin is the thinner filament.

31
Q

What is Myosin?

A

Myosin is the thicker filament.

32
Q

What are I-bands in myofibrils?

A

Areas appear light because they are the region in which Actin and Myosin do not overlap (only Actin).

33
Q

What are A-bands in myofibrils?

A

Areas appear dark because of the thick Myosin filaments, with dark edges because of the overlap of Myosin and Actin.

34
Q

What are Z-lines in myofibrils?

A

Line in the centre of each I-band, distance between adjacent z-lines is a sarcomere.

35
Q

What is the H-zone in myofibrils?

A

Lighter coloured region in the centre of each A-band (only Myosin).

36
Q

What happens during contraction when Myosin filaments pull Actin filaments towards centre of sarcomere?

A

-The I-band becomes narrower.
-The Z-lines move closer together, shortening the sarcomere.
-The H-zone becomes narrower.

37
Q

Which part of the brain is responsible for controlling heart rate?

A

Medulla Oblongata.

38
Q

What does the Inhibitory centre do in the Medulla Oblongata?

A

The Inhibitory centre decreases the heart rate by sending impulses through the parasympathetic nervous system, these impulses are transmitted through the vagus nerve.

39
Q

What does the Accelerating centre do in the Medulla Oblongata?

A

The Accelerating centre increases the heart rate by sending impulses through the sympathetic nervous system, these impulses are transmitted through the accelerator nerve.

40
Q

What receptors detect blood pressure and blood pH?

A

Blood pressure-Baroreceptors.
Blood pH-Chemoreceptors.

41
Q

Why does exercise increase cardiac output?

A

Exercise increases breathing rate, and increases CO2 concentration in blood.
This causes the pH of the blood to rise.

42
Q

How does the body respond to an increase in blood pH?

A

The increase in blood pH is detected by chemoreceptors carotid arteries.
This stimulates the ventilation centre of the medulla to increase breathing rate.
By releasing noradrenaline through the sympathetic nerve, this stimulates frequency of nerve impulses to acceleratory centre and increases heartrate.

43
Q

How does the body respond to an increase in blood pressure?

A

Increase in blood pressure is detected in the carotid arteries and aorta.
A nerve impulse is sent in the medulla to the inhibitory centre.
By releasing acetylcholine through the parasympathetic nerve, impulses sent to SA node and heart rate decreases.

Biology (25 decks)

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