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A-Level Biology - OCR A > 5.1.5 Animal Responses > Flashcards

5.1.5 Animal Responses Flashcards

1
Q

What must communication systems be able to do?

A

Detect changes in environments.
Allow cell signalling to occur between all parts of the body.
Coordinate a range of effectors to carry out a response.
Coordinate suitable responses.

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2
Q

What is the nervous system broken down into?

A

Central and Peripheral nervous systems

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3
Q

What is the central nervous system broken down into?

A

The Brain and Spinal Chord

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4
Q

What is the peripheral nervous system broken down into?

A

Sensory (Afferent) and Motor (Efferent) systems.

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5
Q

What is the motor system broken down into?

A

Somatic and Autonomic systems

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5
Q

What is the autonomic system broken down into?

A

Sympathetic and Para Sympathetic

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6
Q

What does CNS stand for?

A

Central Nervous System

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7
Q

What does the Central Nervous system consist of?

A

The Brain and Spinal cord. Mostly made of relay neurones. Both myelinated and un-myelinated

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8
Q

What is white matter made of?

A

Myelinated neurones

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9
Q

What is grey matter made of?

A

Un-myelinated neurones

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10
Q

What does PNS stand for?

A

Peripheral nervous system

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11
Q

What is the purpose of the peripheral nervous system?

A

Ensure rapid communication between the sensory receptors, the CNS, and effectors.

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12
Q

What makes up the PNS?

A

Sensory and Motor neurones

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13
Q

What makes up the afferent nervous system?

A

Sensory Neurones

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14
Q

What is the purpose of the afferent nervous system?

A

Carry action potentials from receptors to the CNS

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15
Q

What is the purpose of the efferent nervous system?

A

Carry action potentials from the CNS to the effectors.

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16
Q

What makes up the efferent nervous system?

A

Motor Neurones

17
Q

Is the somatic nervous system voluntary or involuntary?

A

Voluntary

18
Q

What is the somatic nervous system?

A

Motor neurones that carry action potentials to effectors under conscious (voluntary) control (e.g. skeletal muscle). One, typically myelinated, neurone connecting the CNS to the effector

19
Q

Is the autonomic nervous system voluntary or involuntary?

A

Involuntary

20
Q

What is the autonomic nervous system?

A

Motor neurones that carry action potentials to effectors under unconscious (involuntary) control. Control of many effectors doesn’t have to be rapid so typically it isn’t myelinated.

21
Q

What does the sympathetic system prepare for?

A

Activity - e.g. fight or flight

22
Q

What does the para-sympathetic system prepare for?

A

Conserving energy - e.g. feed and breed/rest and digest

23
Q

What is the relationship between the sympathetic and parasympathetic pathways?

A

Agnostic

24
Q

Sympathetic or parasympathetic?

Many Neurones leaving CNS

A

Sympathetic

Each neurone goes to different effectors

25
Q

Sympathetic or parasympathetic?

Few nerves leaving CNS

A

Parasympathetic

They divide up into different effectors

26
Q

Sympathetic or parasympathetic?

Ganglia just outside the CNS

A

Sypathetic

27
Q

Sympathetic or parasympathetic?

Ganglia in effector tissue

A

Parasympathetic

28
Q

Sympathetic or parasympathetic?

Short pre-ganglionic neurones

A

Sypathetic

29
Q

Sympathetic or parasympathetic?

Long post-ganglionic neurones

A

Sympathetic

30
Q

Sympathetic or parasympathetic?

Long pre-ganglionic neurones

A

Parasympathetic

31
Q

Sympathetic or parasympathetic?

Short post-ganglionic neurones

A

Parasympathetic

32
Q

Sympathetic or parasympathetic?

Noradrenaline as neurotransmitter

A

Sympathetic

33
Q

Sympathetic or parasympathetic?

Adenylcoline as neurotransmitter

A

Parasympathetic

34
Q

Sympathetic or parasympathetic?

Increases activity

Prepares body for activity

A

Sympathetic

35
Q

Sympathetic or parasympathetic?

Decreases activity

Conserves energy

A

Parasympathetic

36
Q

Sympathetic or parasympathetic?

Most active at times of stress

A

Sympathetic

37
Q

Sympathetic or parasympathetic?

Most active during sleep/relaxation

A

Parasympathetic

38
Q

What are the effects of the sympathetic system?

A

Increased heart rate.
Dilated Pupils.
Increased ventilation rate.
Reduces digestive activity.
Orgasm.

39
Q

What are the effects of the parasympathetic system?

A

Decreased Heart rate.
Constricted pupils.
Reduced ventilation rate.
Increased digestive activity.
Sexual Arousal.

40
Q
A

A-Level Biology - OCR A (16 decks)

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