5.1.5 Animal Responses

Question 1

What must communication systems be able to do?

Answer 1

Detect changes in environments.
Allow cell signalling to occur between all parts of the body.
Coordinate a range of effectors to carry out a response.
Coordinate suitable responses.

Question 2

What is the nervous system broken down into?

Answer 2

Central and Peripheral nervous systems

Question 3

What is the central nervous system broken down into?

Answer 3

The Brain and Spinal Chord

Question 4

What is the peripheral nervous system broken down into?

Answer 4

Sensory (Afferent) and Motor (Efferent) systems.

Question 5

What is the motor system broken down into?

Answer 5

Somatic and Autonomic systems

Question 5

What is the autonomic system broken down into?

Answer 5

Sympathetic and Para Sympathetic

Question 6

What does CNS stand for?

Answer 6

Central Nervous System

Question 7

What does the Central Nervous system consist of?

Answer 7

The Brain and Spinal cord. Mostly made of relay neurones. Both myelinated and un-myelinated

Question 8

What is white matter made of?

Answer 8

Myelinated neurones

Question 9

What is grey matter made of?

Answer 9

Un-myelinated neurones

Question 10

What does PNS stand for?

Answer 10

Peripheral nervous system

Question 11

What is the purpose of the peripheral nervous system?

Answer 11

Ensure rapid communication between the sensory receptors, the CNS, and effectors.

Question 12

What makes up the PNS?

Answer 12

Sensory and Motor neurones

Question 13

What makes up the afferent nervous system?

Answer 13

Sensory Neurones

Question 14

What is the purpose of the afferent nervous system?

Answer 14

Carry action potentials from receptors to the CNS

Question 15

What is the purpose of the efferent nervous system?

Answer 15

Carry action potentials from the CNS to the effectors.

Question 16

What makes up the efferent nervous system?

Answer 16

Motor Neurones

Question 17

Is the somatic nervous system voluntary or involuntary?

Answer 17

Voluntary

Question 18

What is the somatic nervous system?

Answer 18

Motor neurones that carry action potentials to effectors under conscious (voluntary) control (e.g. skeletal muscle). One, typically myelinated, neurone connecting the CNS to the effector

Question 19

Is the autonomic nervous system voluntary or involuntary?

Answer 19

Involuntary

Question 20

What is the autonomic nervous system?

Answer 20

Motor neurones that carry action potentials to effectors under unconscious (involuntary) control. Control of many effectors doesn’t have to be rapid so typically it isn’t myelinated.

Question 21

What does the sympathetic system prepare for?

Answer 21

Activity - e.g. fight or flight

Question 22

What does the para-sympathetic system prepare for?

Answer 22

Conserving energy - e.g. feed and breed/rest and digest

Question 23

What is the relationship between the sympathetic and parasympathetic pathways?

Answer 23

Agnostic

Question 24

# Sympathetic or parasympathetic? Many Neurones leaving CNS

Answer 24

Sympathetic | Each neurone goes to different effectors

Question 25

# Sympathetic or parasympathetic? Few nerves leaving CNS

Answer 25

Parasympathetic | They divide up into different effectors

Question 26

# Sympathetic or parasympathetic? Ganglia just outside the CNS

Answer 26

Sypathetic

Question 27

# Sympathetic or parasympathetic? Ganglia in effector tissue

Answer 27

Parasympathetic

Question 28

# Sympathetic or parasympathetic? Short pre-ganglionic neurones

Answer 28

Sypathetic

Question 29

# Sympathetic or parasympathetic? Long post-ganglionic neurones

Answer 29

Sympathetic

Question 30

# Sympathetic or parasympathetic? Long pre-ganglionic neurones

Answer 30

Parasympathetic

Question 31

# Sympathetic or parasympathetic? Short post-ganglionic neurones

Answer 31

Parasympathetic

Question 32

# Sympathetic or parasympathetic? Noradrenaline as neurotransmitter

Answer 32

Sympathetic

Question 33

# Sympathetic or parasympathetic? Adenylcoline as neurotransmitter

Answer 33

Parasympathetic

Question 34

# Sympathetic or parasympathetic? Increases activity | Prepares body for activity

Answer 34

Sympathetic

Question 35

# Sympathetic or parasympathetic? Decreases activity | Conserves energy

Answer 35

Parasympathetic

Question 36

# Sympathetic or parasympathetic? Most active at times of stress

Answer 36

Sympathetic

Question 37

# Sympathetic or parasympathetic? Most active during sleep/relaxation

Answer 37

Parasympathetic

Question 38

What are the effects of the sympathetic system?

Answer 38

Increased heart rate. Dilated Pupils. Increased ventilation rate. Reduces digestive activity. Orgasm.

Question 39

What are the effects of the parasympathetic system?

Answer 39

Decreased Heart rate. Constricted pupils. Reduced ventilation rate. Increased digestive activity. Sexual Arousal.