5.1.5 Animal Responses Flashcards
What must communication systems be able to do?
Detect changes in environments.
Allow cell signalling to occur between all parts of the body.
Coordinate a range of effectors to carry out a response.
Coordinate suitable responses.
What is the nervous system broken down into?
Central and Peripheral nervous systems
What is the central nervous system broken down into?
The Brain and Spinal Chord
What is the peripheral nervous system broken down into?
Sensory (Afferent) and Motor (Efferent) systems.
What is the motor system broken down into?
Somatic and Autonomic systems
What is the autonomic system broken down into?
Sympathetic and Para Sympathetic
What does CNS stand for?
Central Nervous System
What does the Central Nervous system consist of?
The Brain and Spinal cord. Mostly made of relay neurones. Both myelinated and un-myelinated
What is white matter made of?
Myelinated neurones
What is grey matter made of?
Un-myelinated neurones
What does PNS stand for?
Peripheral nervous system
What is the purpose of the peripheral nervous system?
Ensure rapid communication between the sensory receptors, the CNS, and effectors.
What makes up the PNS?
Sensory and Motor neurones
What makes up the afferent nervous system?
Sensory Neurones
What is the purpose of the afferent nervous system?
Carry action potentials from receptors to the CNS
What is the purpose of the efferent nervous system?
Carry action potentials from the CNS to the effectors.
What makes up the efferent nervous system?
Motor Neurones
Is the somatic nervous system voluntary or involuntary?
Voluntary
What is the somatic nervous system?
Motor neurones that carry action potentials to effectors under conscious (voluntary) control (e.g. skeletal muscle). One, typically myelinated, neurone connecting the CNS to the effector
Is the autonomic nervous system voluntary or involuntary?
Involuntary
What is the autonomic nervous system?
Motor neurones that carry action potentials to effectors under unconscious (involuntary) control. Control of many effectors doesn’t have to be rapid so typically it isn’t myelinated.
What does the sympathetic system prepare for?
Activity - e.g. fight or flight
What does the para-sympathetic system prepare for?
Conserving energy - e.g. feed and breed/rest and digest
What is the relationship between the sympathetic and parasympathetic pathways?
Agnostic
Sympathetic or parasympathetic?
Many Neurones leaving CNS
Sympathetic
Each neurone goes to different effectors
Sympathetic or parasympathetic?
Few nerves leaving CNS
Parasympathetic
They divide up into different effectors
Sympathetic or parasympathetic?
Ganglia just outside the CNS
Sypathetic
Sympathetic or parasympathetic?
Ganglia in effector tissue
Parasympathetic
Sympathetic or parasympathetic?
Short pre-ganglionic neurones
Sypathetic
Sympathetic or parasympathetic?
Long post-ganglionic neurones
Sympathetic
Sympathetic or parasympathetic?
Long pre-ganglionic neurones
Parasympathetic
Sympathetic or parasympathetic?
Short post-ganglionic neurones
Parasympathetic
Sympathetic or parasympathetic?
Noradrenaline as neurotransmitter
Sympathetic
Sympathetic or parasympathetic?
Adenylcoline as neurotransmitter
Parasympathetic
Sympathetic or parasympathetic?
Increases activity
Prepares body for activity
Sympathetic
Sympathetic or parasympathetic?
Decreases activity
Conserves energy
Parasympathetic
Sympathetic or parasympathetic?
Most active at times of stress
Sympathetic
Sympathetic or parasympathetic?
Most active during sleep/relaxation
Parasympathetic
What are the effects of the sympathetic system?
Increased heart rate.
Dilated Pupils.
Increased ventilation rate.
Reduces digestive activity.
Orgasm.
What are the effects of the parasympathetic system?
Decreased Heart rate.
Constricted pupils.
Reduced ventilation rate.
Increased digestive activity.
Sexual Arousal.
