5.1.5 animal responses

Question 1

What are the 2 main parts of the nervous system?

Answer 1

• The Central Nervous System (CNS)
  - Contains the brain and spinal cord
• The Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)
  - Containing all nerves connecting the CNS to the rest of the body

Question 2

What are the 2 types of nerves coming from the PNS and CNS?

Answer 2

• Spinal nerves

- Cranial Nerves

Question 3

what is the function for our nervous systems?

Answer 3

-So that we can take in our surroundings and make sense of them, as well as
coordinate and regulate bodily functions

Question 4

What is a nerve composed of?

Answer 4

A nerve is a bundle of neurones

Question 5

what kind of nerves can be found in the body?

give some specific examples

Answer 5

Spinal nerves (contains a mix of motor and sensory neurones)

Cranial nerves (from the brain):
-Optic Nerve: from the retina –> brain
-Vagus Nerve: A mixed nerve from the brain to the heart, gut and respiratory tract.
involved in peristalsis and controlling swallowing/speech

Question 6

How can the Peripheral Nervous System be separated?

Answer 6

-The sensory system
consisting of neurones transmitting impulses from sense organs and sensory
receptors to the CNS

-The Motor system
The MOTOR SYSTEM consisting of neurones transmitting impulses from CNS to
effector organs (muscles and glands)

Question 7

How can the Motor system be separated?

Answer 7

-Somatic Nervous system
Consists of motor neurones to skeletal muscles, this is under VOLUNTARY
control

-Autonomic Nervous system
consists of motor neurones to cardiac/smooth muscle and glands which is NOT
under voluntary control

Question 8

How can the Autonomic nervous system be separated?

Answer 8

• Sympathetic Nervous system
  
  • stimulates/increases organ activity
• Parasympathetic Nervous system
  
  • Inhibits/decreases organ activity

Question 9

Draw a mindmap/tree showing how the Nervous system separates itself

Answer 9

https://docs.google.com/document/d/1fJO2fV-ZyFC8mnARgk-7U5iZip8wI7QcmBETXJj8_94/edit?usp=sharing

Question 10

Show the differ the differences between the somatic and autonomic nervous systems

Answer 10

AUTONOMIC SOMATIC
-Most Neurones are myelinated -Most Neurones are non-myelinated -At least 2 neurones are in series, -Only one neurone sends and impulse to
connected via a swelling called a an effector organ
Ganglion - Has no subdivisions
-Subdivides into the sympathetic
and parasympathetic systems

Question 11

The sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system have opposite effects, what is this called?

Answer 11

They are ANTAGONISTIC

Question 12

What are some features of the sympathetic nervous system?

Answer 12

-Most active in terms of physical activity and stress
-Causes
Increased heart rate
Increased ventilation rate
Pupil dilation
Increased adrenaline release from adrenal medulla
Stimulates vasoconstriction of arterioles in gut
Stimulates orgasm
-Neurones are linked via a ganglion outside the spinal cord
-Neurotransmitter NORADRENALINE

Question 13

What are some features of the Parasympathetic Nervous system?

Answer 13

-Most active in sleep and relaxation
-Causes:
Decreased heart rate
Decreased ventilation rate
Pupil constriction
Stimulates secretion from gastric glands and pancreas
Stimulates sexual arousal
-The 2 neurones are joined at a ganglion within the target tissue
- neurotransmitter is ACETYLCHOLINE

Question 14

What is the structure of the spinal cord?

draw it

Question 15

What is a reflex arc?

Answer 15

-A rapid automatic, involuntary response to a stimulus through the PNS

Question 16

What are the steps of a reflex arc when the hand touches a hot flame?

Answer 16

-Thermoreceptors in the skin will detect the stimulus
-These receptors will send an impulse sown a sensory neurone towards the spinal
cord
-The sensory neurone will transmit this impulse to a relay neurone in the grey
matter of the pine, then relaying an impulse to a motor neurone
-The motor neurones transmit the impulse towards the effectors, in this case
muscles, which cause the hands to retract from the stimulus

Question 17

why are reflex arcs important?

Answer 17

• Allows the body to automatically adjust, e.g. pupils dilating or balance
• Involved in homeostasis, allowing for the body to keep its optimal and constant conditions

Question 18

What is the purpose of the hypothalamus? where is it located?

Answer 18

• Involved in thermoregulation and osmoregulation
• Controls sleep patterns, thirst hunger and circadian rhythm
• Located in the fore brain
• Controls the pituitary gland

Question 19

what is the purpose of the medulla oblongata? where is it found?

Answer 19

• Location: Hind brain at the top of the spinal cord
• Involved in involuntary muscle movement controlled by the autonomic nervous system
• Involved in homeostatic control e.g. the heart rate, breathing and blood pressure

Question 20

What is the purpose of the cerebellum? where is it found?

Answer 20

• Co-ordinates balance and posture (involuntary)

- Located in the hind brain

Question 21

What is the purpose of the cerebrum? where is it found?

Answer 21

• Found in the forebrain

- Controls voluntary muscle movement as well as memory speech and the 5 senses