2.1.3 Nucleotides nucleic acids Flashcards

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1
Q

draw and label the structure of a nucleotide, make sure they are combines to te corrects carbons :D

A

https://docs.google.com/document/d/1YAqlrSiS9YOn4vkAJhGgEGGAk9AOO-pf1GieocY6v4M/edit?usp=sharing

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2
Q

what is the structure of DNA

A

Anti parallel backbones

complimentary bases

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3
Q

What are the purines?

A

Adenine and Guanine

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4
Q

what are the Pyrimidines?

A

Thymine and cytosine

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5
Q

How many bonds does each nucleotide base pair have?

A

Adenine + Thymine = 2 bonds

Guanine + Cytosine = 3 bonds

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6
Q

what is a codon?

A

A triplet base on mRNA that codes for an Amino acid

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7
Q

What is a mutation?

A

A random change to genetic material

-can alter the structure/number of chromasomes

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8
Q

What is a gene mutation?

A

A gene mutation is a change in DNA

  • DNA is stable, though spontaneous mutations can occur during DNA replication
  • Can also happen in mitosis
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9
Q

what are the 2 main classses of mutation?

A
  • substitution mutation:one base replaces another

- insertion or deletion mutation: parts of the DNA are shifted/ replaced and can have ,major effects on the organism

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10
Q

what does it mean if DNA is degenerate?

A

amino acids in the DNA can be coded for by different combinations of triplet bases

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11
Q

What are the 3 types of substitution mutations?

A

1) Nonsense
2) Silent
3) Missence

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12
Q

what are the differences between DNA and RNA?

A
  • RNA uses Uracil instead of thymine

- RNA is a single strand

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13
Q

What is mRNA

A
  • Mae in the nucleus and is small enough to fit through the nuclear pores
  • Contains a copy of the DNA that codes for a protein/polypeptide that will be synthesised at a ribosome
  • uses uracil instead of thymine and is single stranded
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14
Q

what is tRNA?

A
  • Singular stranded, however folds into a clover shape

- Contains an Anticodon that is hydrogen bonded to it

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15
Q

What are the 3 points where gene expression is controlled?

A
  • Transcription
  • Post-transcription
  • translation
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16
Q

What is the process of Transcription?

A

-DNA Helicase separates the 2 strands of DNA by breaking H-Bonds
-RNA polymerase moves along one of the DNA strands causing nucleotides to
join with complementary bases
-Adenine joins with uracil instead of thymine
-As RNA polymerase moves along, the DNA strands joins behind it

17
Q

How does the RNA plymerase know when to binf?

A

There is a promotor region in the DNA, asweel as a terminating region, to that specific sections can be transcribed

18
Q

what is a transcription factor?

A

short non-coding areas that combine with specific lengths of DNA that activates or inhibits the transcription of genes

19
Q

What are some molecules that can switch genes on and off?

A

Hormones, e.g. Oestrogen

20
Q

what are introns?

A

A section of a gene thst does not code for an Amino acid

21
Q

what are exons?

A

A section of a gene that codes for an amio acid

22
Q

How are Introns removed from pre-mRNA?

A

We use SPLICING

-this is when the introns are removed and the functional exons are joined together