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(OCR A) - A-level Biology > 5.1.4 Hormonal communication > Flashcards

5.1.4 Hormonal communication Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the the difference between endocrine and exocrine?

A

Exocrine - secretion of chemical outside of blood e.g. digestive enzymes
Endocrine - secretion of chemical inside of blood e.g. hormones

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2
Q

What hormones does the pituitary gland secrete? Give their functions

A
  • Growth hormone: controls growth of bones and muscles
  • ADH: increases reabsorption of water in kidneys
  • Gonadotrophin’s: control development of ovaries and testes
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3
Q

What hormone does the adrenal gland secrete? Give it’s function

A
  • Adrenaline: increases heart, breathing rate and raises blood sugar level
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4
Q

What hormone does the pineal gland secrete? Give it’s function

A
  • Melatonin: affects reproductive development and daily cycles e.g. sleep cycle
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5
Q

What hormone does the thyroid gland secrete? Give it’s function

A
  • Thyroxine: controls rate of metabolism
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6
Q

What hormone does the thymus secrete? Give it’s function

A
  • Thymosin: promotes production and maturation of white blood cells
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7
Q

What hormones does the pancreas secrete? Give their functions

A
  • Insulin: converts glucose to glycogen in the liver
  • Glucagon: converts glycogen to glucose in the liver
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8
Q

What hormones does the ovaries secrete? Give their functions

A
  • Oestrogen: controls ovulation and secondary sexual characteristics
  • Progesterone: prepares the uterus lining for receiving an embryo
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9
Q

What hormone does the testes secrete? Give it’s function

A
  • Testosterone: controls sperm production and secondary sexual characteristics
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10
Q

Why can steroid hormones pass through the cell membrane?

A

They are lipid soluble

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11
Q

How do steroid hormones work?

A
  • Bind to steroid hormone receptors within cytoplasm or nucleus
  • Hormone-receptor complex acts as a transcription factor which promotes or inhibits transcription of specific gene
  • e.g. oestrogen
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12
Q

Why can non-steroid hormones not pass though cell membrane?

A

Hydrophilic so will be repelled by fatty acids

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13
Q

How to non-steroid hormones work?

A
  • Bind to specific receptors on cells surface membrane
  • Triggers cascade reaction mediated by secondary messengers
  • e.g. adrenaline
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14
Q

Differences between hormonal and neuronal communication?

A

Hormonal
- Slower transmission and response
- Hormones travel to all parts of body
- Widespread response
- Long lasting response
- Effect permanent and irreversible

Neuronal
- Faster transmission and response
- Hormones travel to specific parts of body
- Localised response
- Short-lived response
- Effect temporary and reversible

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15
Q

What is the adrenal cortex?

A
  • Outer region of the gland
  • Produces hormones vital to life e.g. cortisol and aldosterone
  • Steroid hormones
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16
Q

What is the adrenal medulla?

A
  • Inner region of the gland
  • Produces non-essential hormones e.g. adrenaline and noradrenaline
  • Non-steroid hormones
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17
Q

What is the function of adrenaline?

A
  • Increases heart rate
  • Increases blood glucose concentration levels
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18
Q

What is the function of noradrenaline?

A
  • Works with adrenaline in response to stress
  • Increases heart rate
  • Widens pupils
  • Widens air passages in lungs
  • Narrows blood vessels in non-essential organs
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19
Q

What is the function of aldosterone?

A

Controls blood pressure by maintaining balance between salt and water concentrations

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20
Q

What is the function of androgens?

A

Male and female sex hormones important in menopause

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21
Q

What is the function of cortisol?

A

Regulates carbohydrate metabolism, blood pressure and cardiovascular function

22
Q

How is the pancreas an exocrine gland?

A

Produces digestive enzymes (trypsin, lipase and amylase) and pancreatic juice which are released via pancreatic duct

23
Q

How is the pancreas an endocrine gland?

A

Produces hormones (insulin and glucagon) which are released into blood

24
Q

Which cells in the Islets of Langerhans produce and secrete glucagon?

A

α cells

25
Q

Which cells in the Islets of Langerhans produce and secrete insulin?

A

β cells

26
Q

__ cells are larger and more numerous

A

Alpha

27
Q

What colour are β cells stained?

A

Blue

28
Q

What colour are α cells stained?

A

Pink

29
Q

What is the endocrine tissue of the pancreas?

A

Islets of Langerhans (lighter stained)

30
Q

What is the exocrine tissue of the pancreas?

A

Pancreatic acini (darker stained)

31
Q

What is glycogenolysis?

A

Breakdown of glycogen into glucose

32
Q

What is gluconeogenesis?

A

Production of NEW glucose from non-carbohydrate sources e.g. lipids and amino acids

33
Q

What is glycogenesis?

A

Production of glycogen from glucose

34
Q

What happens when blood glucose concentration is too high?

A

β cells detect change and secrete insulin

35
Q

How does insulin lower blood glucose levels?

A
  • Increased cellular respiration
  • Increased glycogenesis
  • Increased conversion of glucose into fats
  • Increased absorption of glucose into cells
36
Q

What happens when blood glucose concentration is too low?

A

α cells detect change and secrete glucagon

37
Q

How does glucagon raise blood glucose levels?

A
  • Increased glycogenolysis
  • Increased gluconeogenesis (converting amino acids and glycerol into glucose)
38
Q

Which cells have insulin receptors?

A

All cells except RBCs

39
Q

Which cells have glucagon receptors?

A

Liver and fat cells

40
Q

What is the mechanism of insulin secretion?

A

1) Blood glucose above normal levels
2) Glucose enters via carrier protein (GLUT-2)
3) Respiration using glucose occurs and ATP produced
4) ATP sensitive K+ channel closes
5) Depolarisation occurs
6) Voltage gated Ca2+ channels open
7) Increased Ca2+ causes secretory vesicles to release insulin via exocytosis
8) K+ channel re-opens and cell back to resting state

41
Q

What is type 1 diabetes?

A

β cells unable to produce insulin

42
Q

What is type 2 diabetes?

A

Cannot effectively use insulin
- β cells do not produce enough insulin
- Body cells do not respond to insulin

43
Q

What causes type 1 diabetes?

A

Autoimmune response attacking β cells

44
Q

What causes type 2 diabetes?

A
  • Excess body weight
  • Physical inactivity
  • Excess overeating of sugars
45
Q

What are the symptoms of diabetes?

A
  • Glucose present urine
  • Excessive need to urinate
  • Excessive thirst
  • Weight loss
  • Blurred vision
46
Q

What is the treatment for type 1 diabetes?

A

Regular injections of insulin

47
Q

What is the treatment for type 2 diabetes?

A
  • Reducing the intake of carbohydrates and sugars
  • Exercise
  • Medicine
48
Q

What are the benefits of using GM bacteria to produce insulin rather than animals?

A
  • Pure form so less risk of allergic reaction
  • Produced in higher quantities
  • Cheaper
  • More ethical
49
Q

What are the problems with a pancreas transplant?

A
  • Demand outweighs availability
  • Long term immunosuppressant drugs required so person susceptible to infection
50
Q

What is potential future treatment for diabetes and what are the benefits?

A

Stem cells
- Unlimited source of β cells
- Reduced likliehood of rejections
- Injections of insulin no longer required

(OCR A) - A-level Biology (26 decks)

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