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(OCR A) - A-level Biology > 2.1.1 Cell structure > Flashcards

2.1.1 Cell structure Flashcards

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1
Q

Magnification of light microscope?

A

1500x

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2
Q

Resolution of light microscope?

A

200nm

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3
Q

Magnification of transmission electron microscope (TEM)?

A

500,000x

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4
Q

Resolution of transmission electron microscope (TEM)?

A

0.5nm

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5
Q

What does a TEM show in a cell?

A

2D black and white images of the inside of a cell and smaller organelles

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6
Q

Magnification of a scanning electron microscope (SEM)?

A

100,000x

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7
Q

Resolution of a scanning electron microscope (SEM)?

A

3-10nm

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8
Q

What does a SEM show in a cell?

A

3D black and white images of the surface of the specimen

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9
Q

What does a laser scanning confocal microscope show in a cell?

A

3D coloured images of cells (due to fluorescent tag) which can be living and dead

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10
Q

mm —> μm —> nm

A

x1000 x1000

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11
Q

What is magnification?

A

How many times larger the image is than the actual size of the object being viewed

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12
Q

What is resolution?

A

The ability to see individual objects as separate entities

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13
Q

Magnification = __________ ÷ ____________

A

Image size ÷ Actual size

(ensure units are the same!)

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14
Q

What are prokaryotes?

A

Organisms which do NOT have membrane bound organelles

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15
Q

What are eukaryotes?

A

Organisms which DO have membrane bound organelles

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16
Q

Differences in DNA between prokaryotes and eukaryotes?

A

Prokaryote
- Circular
- Extra DNA: plasmids

Eukaryotes
- Linear
- Extra DNA: mitochondria and chloroplasts

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17
Q

Difference in ribosomes of prokaryotes and eukaryotes

A

Prokaryotes - smaller 70S
Eukaryotes - larger 80S

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18
Q

Difference in cell wall material of prokaryotes and eukaryotes?

A

Prokaryotes - made of peptidoglycan
Eukaryotes - made of cellulose in plants and chitin in fungi

19
Q

What is the function of smooth endoplasmic reticulum?

A

Lipid and carbohydrate synthesis and storage

20
Q

What does rough endoplasmic reticulum have on its surface?

A

Ribosomes

21
Q

What is the function of rough endoplasmic reticulum?

A

Synthesis and transport of proteins

22
Q

What does the nucleus contain?

A
  • Nuclear membrane
  • Nucleolus
  • Chromatin
23
Q

Why does the nuclear membrane have nuclear pores?

A

To allow RNA to move in and out of nucleus

24
Q

Which protein forms chromatin?

A

Histones

25
Q

What does the nucleolus do?

A

Produces ribosomes which create the DNA

26
Q

What is the function of the Golgi apparatus?

A

Modifies and packages proteins into vesicles

27
Q

What is the function of ribosomes?

A

Site of translation in protein synthesis

28
Q

What is the structure of mitochondria?

A
  • Double membrane structure
  • Inner membrane highly folded to form cristae
  • Matrix liquid contains enzymes for respiration
29
Q

What is the function of mitochondria?

A

Site of cellular respiration

30
Q

What is the function of lysosomes?

A

Vesicle containing hydrolytic enzymes which breaks down waste material in cell

31
Q

What is the structure of chloroplasts?

A
  • Double membrane structure
  • Large SA due to stacks of thylakoids (granum)
  • Thylakoids contain chlorophyll
  • Stroma liquid
32
Q

What is the function of chloroplasts?

A

Site of photosynthesis

33
Q

What is the function of centrioles?

A

Assembly and organisation of spindle fibres during cell division

34
Q

What is the function of flagella and cilia?

A

Movement

35
Q

What is the function of plasma membrane?

A

Selectively permeable to control what goes in and out of the cell

36
Q

What is the function of the cell wall?

A

Gives cell support and keeps it rigid

37
Q

Order of organelles involved in protein synthesis?

A

Ribosomes -> rough endoplasmic reticulum -> vesicles -> Golgi apparatus -> vesicles -> cell surface membrane

(some vesicles form lysosomes which do not leave cell)

38
Q

By what process do proteins leave the cell?

A

Exocytosis

39
Q

What are the 3 components of cytoskeleton?

A
  • Microfilaments
  • Microtubules
  • Intermediate fibres
40
Q

What is the function of microfilaments?

A

Controls cell movements and cell contraction during cytokinesis

41
Q

What is the function of microtubules?

A

Determine shape of the cell and allow for transport of organelles and materials around the cell

42
Q

What is the function of intermediate fibres?

A

Give strength to cells and helps to maintain their shape

43
Q

Which domain of life has the 9+2 formation of microtubules?

A

Eukaryotes

44
Q

What can prevent microtubules from functioning? Why?

A

Respiratory enzymes as microtubules need ATP to function

(OCR A) - A-level Biology (26 decks)

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