2.1.1 Cell structure

Question 1

Magnification of light microscope?

Answer 1

1500x

Question 2

Resolution of light microscope?

Answer 2

200nm

Question 3

Magnification of transmission electron microscope (TEM)?

Answer 3

500,000x

Question 4

Resolution of transmission electron microscope (TEM)?

Answer 4

0.5nm

Question 5

What does a TEM show in a cell?

Answer 5

2D black and white images of the inside of a cell and smaller organelles

Question 6

Magnification of a scanning electron microscope (SEM)?

Answer 6

100,000x

Question 7

Resolution of a scanning electron microscope (SEM)?

Answer 7

3-10nm

Question 8

What does a SEM show in a cell?

Answer 8

3D black and white images of the surface of the specimen

Question 9

What does a laser scanning confocal microscope show in a cell?

Answer 9

3D coloured images of cells (due to fluorescent tag) which can be living and dead

Question 10

mm —> μm —> nm

Answer 10

x1000 x1000

Question 11

What is magnification?

Answer 11

How many times larger the image is than the actual size of the object being viewed

Question 12

What is resolution?

Answer 12

The ability to see individual objects as separate entities

Question 13

Magnification = __________ ÷ ____________

Answer 13

Image size ÷ Actual size

(ensure units are the same!)

Question 14

What are prokaryotes?

Answer 14

Organisms which do NOT have membrane bound organelles

Question 15

What are eukaryotes?

Answer 15

Organisms which DO have membrane bound organelles

Question 16

Differences in DNA between prokaryotes and eukaryotes?

Answer 16

Prokaryote
- Circular
- Extra DNA: plasmids

Eukaryotes
- Linear
- Extra DNA: mitochondria and chloroplasts

Question 17

Difference in ribosomes of prokaryotes and eukaryotes

Answer 17

Prokaryotes - smaller 70S
Eukaryotes - larger 80S

Question 18

Difference in cell wall material of prokaryotes and eukaryotes?

Answer 18

Prokaryotes - made of peptidoglycan
Eukaryotes - made of cellulose in plants and chitin in fungi

Question 19

What is the function of smooth endoplasmic reticulum?

Answer 19

Lipid and carbohydrate synthesis and storage

Question 20

What does rough endoplasmic reticulum have on its surface?

Answer 20

Ribosomes

Question 21

What is the function of rough endoplasmic reticulum?

Answer 21

Synthesis and transport of proteins

Question 22

What does the nucleus contain?

Answer 22

• Nuclear membrane
• Nucleolus
• Chromatin

Question 23

Why does the nuclear membrane have nuclear pores?

Answer 23

To allow RNA to move in and out of nucleus

Question 24

Which protein forms chromatin?

Answer 24

Histones

Question 25

What does the nucleolus do?

Answer 25

Produces ribosomes which create the DNA

Question 26

What is the function of the Golgi apparatus?

Answer 26

Modifies and packages proteins into vesicles

Question 27

What is the function of ribosomes?

Answer 27

Site of translation in protein synthesis

Question 28

What is the structure of mitochondria?

Answer 28

- Double membrane structure - Inner membrane highly folded to form cristae - Matrix liquid contains enzymes for respiration

Question 29

What is the function of mitochondria?

Answer 29

Site of cellular respiration

Question 30

What is the function of lysosomes?

Answer 30

Vesicle containing hydrolytic enzymes which breaks down waste material in cell

Question 31

What is the structure of chloroplasts?

Answer 31

- Double membrane structure - Large SA due to stacks of thylakoids (granum) - Thylakoids contain chlorophyll - Stroma liquid

Question 32

What is the function of chloroplasts?

Answer 32

Site of photosynthesis

Question 33

What is the function of centrioles?

Answer 33

Assembly and organisation of spindle fibres during cell division

Question 34

What is the function of flagella and cilia?

Answer 34

Movement

Question 35

What is the function of plasma membrane?

Answer 35

Selectively permeable to control what goes in and out of the cell

Question 36

What is the function of the cell wall?

Answer 36

Gives cell support and keeps it rigid

Question 37

Order of organelles involved in protein synthesis?

Answer 37

Ribosomes -> rough endoplasmic reticulum -> vesicles -> Golgi apparatus -> vesicles -> cell surface membrane (some vesicles form lysosomes which do not leave cell)

Question 38

By what process do proteins leave the cell?

Answer 38

Exocytosis

Question 39

What are the 3 components of cytoskeleton?

Answer 39

- Microfilaments - Microtubules - Intermediate fibres

Question 40

What is the function of microfilaments?

Answer 40

Controls **cell movements** and cell contraction during cytokinesis

Question 41

What is the function of microtubules?

Answer 41

Determine shape of the cell and allow for **transport** of organelles and materials around the cell

Question 42

What is the function of intermediate fibres?

Answer 42

Give **strength** to cells and helps to maintain their shape

Question 43

Which domain of life has the 9+2 formation of microtubules?

Answer 43

Eukaryotes

Question 44

What can prevent microtubules from functioning? Why?

Answer 44

Respiratory enzymes as microtubules need ATP to function