510-4 : Epithelia

Question 1

epithelia consists of one or more layers of closely adhering cells that form a flat shet with an unattached ___ ___ (may be exposed to evn’t or internal body cavity) and a ___ ___ (attached to a basement membrane)

Answer 1

free surface (apical, luminal), basal surface (adluminal)

Question 2

epithelia are ___ but ____ by sensory neurons

Answer 2

avascular, innervated

Question 3

the ___ membrane is a layer of ____ and adhesive proteins that anchors epithelium to undrlying connective tissue.

Answer 3

basement, collagen

Question 4

T/F - the basement membrane is not permeable

Answer 4

F - it’s semi-permeable

Question 5

composition of basement membrane is 2 layers : ___ lamina and below this is the ____lamina

Answer 5

basal, reticular

Question 6

___ lamina is a complex mixture of proteins procuced by epithelial cells and underlyign firbrobalsts.

Answer 6

basal

Question 7

Basal epithelial cells contribute ____, _____, and ____ collagen to the basal lamina.

Answer 7

laminin, entactin, type IV

Question 8

____ in connective tissue under epithelia contribute molecules including fibronectin and proteoglycans to the basal lamina.

Answer 8

fibroblasts

Question 9

the ___ lamina is a layer of basement membr seen in some epithelia. it attaches to underyling connective tissue.

Answer 9

reticular

Question 10

T/ F - the cells of the piehtlia secrete some of the moleucles of the baseement membrane through the basal side.

Answer 10

T - they contribute laminin, entactin and type IV collagen to basal lamina.

Question 11

the ___ lamina is composed of a netowork of long straight colalgen fibers & branced reticular fibers under basal lamina. it blends into the ____ propria (the underlying cnctv tissue).

Answer 11

retiulcar, lamina

Question 12

basal lamina + reticular lamina = ____ membrane

Answer 12

basement

Question 13

___ ___ collagen is very imprtnt part of basement membrane because its gelatinous instead of fibrous, which helps form a semipermeable barrier against invaders and good things we don’t want to lose from our bodies via epithelial cells.

Answer 13

Type IV

Question 14

the ___ lamina of the basement membrane is made of a thin, light staining lamina ___ which electrons of microscope pass right through (hence its name meaning “bright”), and a darker staining lamina ___ below it.

Answer 14

basal, lucida, densa

Question 15

lamina lucida contains integrin family of transmembr proteins including ___, which is a glycoportien secreted by epithelial cells that bind to type IV collagen - the protein thus serves as “glue” to keep the epithelial cells stuck to the tissue below it.

Answer 15

LAMININ

Question 16

____ is a glycoprotein secreted b epith cells that bind type IV collagen, heparin sulfate, and integrins. it bridges the lamina lucida and densa to the plsma membrane.

Answer 16

Laminin

Question 17

EXAM : lamina ___ is composed of ___ ___ collagen and proteoglcans, and is the sxrl attachment site for anchoring fibrils extengin to reticular fibers in connctv tissue under epith.

Answer 17

densa, type IV

Question 18

basal lamina and reticular lamina r joined together by type I and III collagen fibrils that weave through loops of ___ ___ collagen anchoring fibrils

Answer 18

type VII

Question 19

___ ___ collagen is one of the strongest and most abundant proetins in your body that form the thickest ropes of collagen in the reticular lamina.

Answer 19

type I

Question 20

___ ___ collagen fibers are anchoring fiber loops that have origin and insertion on the basement membrane and interweave with thick ___ ___ collagen fibers in reticular lamina.

Answer 20

type VII, type I

Question 21

2 sources of basement membrane (layers of extracellular material) : the ___ cells themselves contribute to the basal lamina AND ____, the main cell of all connective tissue.

Answer 21

epithelial, FIBROBLASTS

Question 22

what is the main cell of all connective tissues?

Answer 22

FIBROBLASTS

Question 23

type ___ collagen fibers are thick, banded and strong. type __ collagen fibers are anchoring fibers that form loops with origina and insertion on basement membrane and weave with type 71

Answer 23

I, VII.

Question 24

___ ___ collagen fibers are in the lamina DENSA - in the electron micrograph it’s the hazy line.

Answer 24

type iv

Question 25

phospholipid bilayers are very ___ in strength while proteins are very ____.

Answer 25

weak, strong

Question 26

_____ are proteins that connect the basal lamina to the ____ skeleton on the inside of the cell

Answer 26

hemidesmosomes, cytoskelton

Question 27

is type iv collagen fibrous or gelatinous? and where is it found?

Answer 27

gelatinous - reason why it's so unique and provides selective membrane; found in LUMINA DENSA LAYER OF BASAL LAMINA of basement membrane

Question 28

____ epithelium can change shape and is found in the bladder.

Answer 28

transitional

Question 29

transitional epithelium is actually a ____ epithelium, because its nuclei are staggered and offset to make it "look" like more than one layer of cells.

Answer 29

pseudostratified

Question 30

to tell the difference b/w stratified squamous keratinzed and stratified squaous nonkeratinzed, you will notice dead flaky cells on the ___ surface.

Answer 30

keratinized

Question 31

H&E stains nucleus ___ and eosin stains cytoplasm and connective tissue ___.

Answer 31

purple, pink

Question 32

function of ___ ___ epith is to allow rapid diffusion of gases and can secrete fluids (serous fluid = watery) because it is a very short distance across the entire cell.

Answer 32

simple squamous

Question 33

squamous means ____.

Answer 33

flat

Question 34

__ ___ epith is found in the alveoli of the lungs for diffusion, renal glomeruli, cardiovascular system (heart and bld vessels)

Answer 34

simple squamous

Question 35

___ ___ epith often have microvilli.

Answer 35

simple cuboidal

Question 36

functions of simple cuboidal epith include ___, ___, and ___.

Answer 36

absorption, secretion, conduction

Question 37

___ ___ epith are found in liver, thyroid, lung bronchioles, kidney tubuels, ammamary glands, salivary glands and othe rgladns because it specializes in secretion and absorption.

Answer 37

simple cuboidal

Question 38

stratified epithelia are named for the shape of the ___ cells.

Answer 38

surface

Question 39

___ ___ epithelium is a singel row of tall, narrow cells and the free surface may have ___ or cilia.

Answer 39

simple columnar, microvilli

Question 40

the functions of simple columnar epith are ___ and ___ (of mucus), the they are found in the intestinal lining, uterus, and ducts of glands.

Answer 40

absorption, secretion

Question 41

___ cells are important and are shaped like wine glasses filled with mucus - they are like single-celled glands that secrete mucus on surface of epithelium.

Answer 41

GOBLET

Question 42

___ cells are not unique to a particular type of epithelium - you have them in simple columnar epithelium and in pseudostrat epith as well.

Answer 42

goblet

Question 43

how can you tell the diff between cilia and microvilli?

Answer 43

???

Question 44

in ____ epith, you usually don't see cilia.

Answer 44

stratified

Question 45

in ___ epith, there's a single row of cells all of which are attached to the basement membrane, but the nuclei of which are staggered and offset.

Answer 45

psuedostratified

Question 46

easy way to tell between strat epith and pseudostrat epith is the lack of ____ in the stratified epith.

Answer 46

cilia

Question 47

___ epith secretes and propels respoiratory mucus, so it's found int eh upper resprtry tract indlucing the ___ and ___ cavities.

Answer 47

trachea, nasal

Question 48

the reason ___ epith looks stratified is because it has a mix of short ___ cells and taller ___ cells and ciliated cells that create a stratified appearance.

Answer 48

psuedostrat, basal, goblet

Question 49

the 3 components of mucous membranes are mucous-producing epithelium, an underlying layer of vascular connective tissue called ___ ___ and a thin layer of smooth muscle called ___ ____.

Answer 49

lamina propria, muscularis mucosae

Question 50

___ epith is characterized by rounded (domed) surface cells covere dwith protective protein ____, and it's actually a pseudostrat epith. found in urothelium of ureters and urinary bladder.

Answer 50

transitional, plaques

Question 51

all cells, except ___ ___, are anchored to toher cells or to matrix surrounding them by ____ junctions.

Answer 51

blood cells, intercellular

Question 52

____ of aggregated proteins are found on the apical plasma membr of the suprficial cells.

Answer 52

plaques

Question 53

the urothelium and the bladder produce ___ at the free surface of their superficial cells in response to tensional forces and non-sterile bacteria in urine its exposed to.

Answer 53

plaques

Question 54

transitional epithelium is a ___ epithelium made of two types of cells that look staggered : ___ cells and ___ cells.

Answer 54

pseudostrat, basal, superficial (psuedo is fake and basely superficial = so it has superficial cells)

Question 55

____ epithelia of the urinary bladder have superficial cells that reach to the surface that can change ____.

Answer 55

transitional ( a type of pseudostrat), shape

Question 56

a ____ complex is composed of 3 junctions : a ____ junction, an ___ junction, and a ____.

Answer 56

tight, adhesive, desmosome

Question 57

list the 3 main types of intercellular junctions in order of decreasing strength (from strongest to weakest)

Answer 57

desmosomes, adhesive junctions, tight junctions | you start the DAT strong and end it tired) Desmo, Adh, Tight

Question 58

___ junctions are the ___ in strength and act like caulking in the bathtub to prevent water seepage in between adjacent cells

Answer 58

tight, weakest

Question 59

___ junctions are a type of communcative jxn that allow the passage of small, water-solbl moleucles from one cell into another

Answer 59

gap

Question 60

____ anchor intermediate filmaents in a cell to the basal lamina.

Answer 60

hemidesmosomes

Question 61

T/ F - hemidesmosomes are half of a desmosome in structure and function.

Answer 61

F - they're different! (CHECK IF BOTH STRUCTURE AND FUNCTIONALITY are diff)

Question 62

____ junctions are like liquid nails in their function.

Answer 62

adhesive (sticky like liquid nails)

Question 63

the term "____" describes juncitosn that completel encircle a cell ilke the sweatband around a person's head.

Answer 63

zonula ( a whole zone encircls your head)

Question 64

the term "___ " descirbes jnctions that are in specific spots, like spot welds, rivets, or patches.

Answer 64

macula (remember macula in eye is a spot???)

Question 65

___ junctions are like bolts in their funciton.

Answer 65

desmosomes.

Question 66

___ junctions are NOT structural but instead serve as communcative junctions that allow cells to communicate.

Answer 66

gap

Question 67

you typically have ___ (#) junctions in a junctional complex.

Answer 67

3

Question 68

___ junctions are crucial to preventing bacteria or other toxins threatening to our health from entering our bloodstream by sealing the spaces in between cells.

Answer 68

tight

Question 69

___ junctiosn completely encircle a cell at apical end like a headband on forehead, forming a complete seal between adjacent cells, and look like a quilt.

Answer 69

tight

Question 70

T/F - you get no strength from tight junctions.

Answer 70

T - you just get a seal like caulking.

Question 71

if you see anything that has a quilted pattern in a scanning electron micrograph, it's probably __ junctions.

Answer 71

tight

Question 72

___ junctiosn are composed of transmembrane adhesive proteisn includign ___, ___ and other cell-specific JAMs (jucntional adhesion molecules).

Answer 72

tight, claudin, occludin ( "claude will occlude tight pussy")

Question 73

claudin and occludin in tight jxns are polypeptides (proteins) that have a specific ___ and ____ and attract similar proteins in adjacent cell membranes with affinity.

Answer 73

structure, charge

Question 74

remember, the ___, or ___ structure (sequence of aa's) of a protein is crucial to its function.

Answer 74

shape, tertiary

Question 75

___ are short peptide sequences that span membranes and when they find a complement in adjacent membranes they stick.

Answer 75

JAMs = junctional adhesion moleulces ( when you're a kid in jams you can easily stick to other kids in jams )

Question 76

___ junctions form a sticky belt that rings around cells and interconnects bundles of cytoskeletal ___ filmanets that WEAKLY hold cells together.

Answer 76

adhesive, actin

Question 77

___ jucntions function a lot like ___, small little sticky hooks beween cells.

Answer 77

adhesive, velcro

Question 78

___ is a powerful chelator of calcium.

Answer 78

EDTA

Question 79

___ filaments are the posterchild for microfilaments and they line up like a bunch of cables and other proteins form links/hooks on them like velcro.

Answer 79

actin

Question 80

___ junctions are principally composed of ___ ion -dependent cadherin family of transmembrane proteins.

Answer 80

adhesive

Question 81

low extracellular ___ ion conc. can trigger loss of cell-cell contact and subsequent change in cell shape/motility OR induec loss of cell polarity and differentiaont OR even trigger cell death called ____

Answer 81

Calcium, apoptosis

Question 82

the ___ facmily of transmembrane proteins in adhesive junctions rely heavily on ___ ions to form linkages because it affects their charge and subsequent shape.

Answer 82

cadherin, calcium

Question 83

low calcium, or ___, can be bad for your tissues and you can expect to have problems with your ___.

Answer 83

hypocalcemia, epithelia.

Question 84

___ are strong attachments that hold cells together against mechanical stresses like shearing forces.

Answer 84

desmosomes

Question 85

___ are abundant among cells of muscle and skin because of the shearing forces there.

Answer 85

desmosomes

Question 86

___ are ocmposed of attachment plaques of structural proteisn linked to intermediate filmanets of the cytoskeleton, like keratin, and to intergral membrane proteins like cadherin.

Answer 86

desmosomes

Question 87

the reason desmosomes are stronger than adhesive junctions is because they form bridges to ___ instead of actin - it's stronger than actin.

Answer 87

keratin

Question 88

desmosomes are strong because they form bridges to keratin (larger than actin) and they also ahve ____ filaments that are linked to the whole cytoskelton of both cells.

Answer 88

intermediate

Question 89

if you see the word "plako," which are cells that form dense plaques, you're dealing with ____.

Answer 89

desmosomes

Question 90

remember, in desmosomes, because cadherin has "ca" in it it relies on ___ ions but not as heavily as in adheisve junctions.

Answer 90

calcium

Question 91

the dense plaques in ___ anchor the intermediate filmaents.

Answer 91

desmosomes

Question 92

the ___ filmanets link to other cytoskeletal proteins and thus resist shearing forces.

Answer 92

intermediate

Question 93

___ are simlar to desmosomes but they link intermediate filmanets of a cell at the basal membrane of cells to collage fibes in the basement membr, and then by way of other proteins link to the underlying connective tissue.

Answer 93

hemidesmosomes

Question 94

___ link cells to other cells, but ___ link/anchor a cell to the basal lamina of its basement membrane.

Answer 94

desmosomes, hemidesmosomes

Question 95

hemidesmosomes use ___ ___ collagen as anchoring fibers.

Answer 95

type VII (hemi = half... of pH scale is 7)

Question 96

gap junctions allow communication through clusters of ____ pores made up of ___ (#) ______ monomers arranged like a flower.

Answer 96

connexon, connexin

Question 97

___ (#) transmembrane connexins make up a single ___ pore, many of which make up a ____ junciton.

Answer 97

6, gap

Question 98

in electron microscope images, you can see the gap junctions open or closed.

Answer 98

yuup

Question 99

glands are composed mainly of ___ tissue.

Answer 99

epithelial

Question 100

___ glands use a duct while ___ ducts do not.

Answer 100

exocrine, endocrine (REMEMBER endNO duct!)

Question 101

the 2 diff types of exocinre glands are ___ and ___.

Answer 101

simple, compound

Question 102

__ glands of exocrine have an ___ duct.

Answer 102

simple, unbranched

Question 103

___ glands of endocrine have ___ ducts.

Answer 103

compound, branched

Question 104

the 3 diff shapes of EXOCRINE glands are _ ___ if the ductal cells are secretory, ____ if secretory cells form a dilated sac called an acinus, ___ if secreotry cells are in both ductal and acinar regions of gland.

Answer 104

tubular, acinar, tubuloacinar

Question 105

there are 2 main types of EXOCRINE glandular secretions : __ and ___. another type is ____.

Answer 105

serous, mucous, cytogenic

Question 106

___ glands produce thin, water secretions like sweat, milk, tears, dgstv juices.

Answer 106

serous

Question 107

___ EXOCRINE glands produce thick, sticky glycoprotein substance that absorbs water.

Answer 107

mucous

Question 108

___ EXOCRINE glands contain both serous and mucous glands.

Answer 108

serous

Question 109

___ EXOCRINE glands release whole cells into ducts (ex: testis release sperm into ductus deferens and ovaries release ova into fallopian tubes)

Answer 109

CYTOGENIC (CYTO = CELL..release of a whole cell!

Question 110

2 basic cellular mechanisms of EXOCRINE!! glandular secretion are ___ and ____.

Answer 110

merocrine, holocrine

Question 111

____ secretion is the most common mechanism involving release of secretory granules from within the cytoplasm to the apical part of cell via a process called ____ into a duct!! = EXOCRINE

Answer 111

MEROCRINE, exocytosis (when you marry u can have an "ex"...mero --> exocytosis

Question 112

___ EXOCRINE secretion involves release of granules __with/without__ any loss of cytoplasm into a ____.

Answer 112

merocrine, without, duct

Question 113

perfect ex of EXOCRINE merocrine gland secretion is ____ in mouth.

Answer 113

saliva

Question 114

____ EXOCRINE secretions involves cells releasing products via exocytosis into a duct from an acinus.

Answer 114

merocrine

Question 115

___ EXOCRINE secretions result from sacrificial breakdown and release of entire secretory cells.

Answer 115

HOLOCRINE ("WHOLE" CELL is released = HOLocrine)

Question 116

perfect ex of EXOCRINE holocrine gland is ____ glands on hair and skin making sebum.

Answer 116

sebaceous