510-3 : Craniofacial Embryology

Question 1

Epibranchial placodes are specialized regions of surface ____ that invaginate to contribute to the formation of the ____ ganglia for cranial nerves __, __, _, and __.

Answer 1

ectoderm, sensory, 5, 7, 9, & 10

Question 2

Cranial nerve 5 is called the ___ nerve –> derives from the ___ pharygneal arch, also called the MANDIBULAR ARCH, innervates muscles of ___, Mylohyoid, anterior belly of digastric, & tensor palatine & tensor tympani, and derives from ____ cartilage.

Answer 2

TRIGEMINAL, 1st, mastication, MECKEL’S

Question 3

Cranial nerve 7 is called the ___ nerve –> derives from the ___ pharyngeal arch, also calle dthe HYOID arch, innervates muscles of ____, ____, etc.

Answer 3

FACIAL, facial expression, frontalis (forehead eyebrows), orbicularis oris (eyes).

Question 4

mnemonic to remember 12 cranial nerve names

Answer 4

Oh Oh Oh To Touch A Female Vagina Gives Verne A Hard-on.

5 = Trigeminal
7 = Facial
9 = Glossopharyngeal
10 = Vagus

Question 5

Remember that nerve 5,7,9,& 10 all have SENSORY AND MOTOR FUNCTION. mnemonic to remember function of cranial nerves.

Answer 5

Some Say Marry Money But My Brother Says Bad Business Marrying Money

1,2,8 = sensory
3,4,6,11,12 = motor
5,7,9,10 = BOTH!!! ,,- this is what we need to know!!

Question 6

Cranial nerve 9 is called the ___ nerve –> derives from the __ pharyngeal arch, which doesn’t have a name, and innervates stylopharyngeus muscles, which stretches between the temporal styloid process and the pharynx.

Answer 6

GLOSSOPHARYNGEAL, 3rd

Question 7

Cranial nerve 10 is called the ___ nerve –> derives from the ___- ___ pharyngeal arches, and innervates the _____ muscle. The muscle is the only tensor muscle of the larynx aiding with phonation (vocalization of vocal cords).

Answer 7

VAGUS, 4-6, CRICOTHYROID

Question 8

Overall origins of muscles of head and neck are from PHARYNGEAL ARCH MESODERM:
Pharyngeal Arch 1 mesoderm develops into muscles of ____, and gives rise to nerve # ____.
Pharyngeal Arch 2 mesoderm develops in the muscles of ____ ____, and gives rise to nerve # ____.
Pharyngeal Arch 3 and 4 mesoderm develops in ___ muscles of the neck, and arch 3 gives rise to nerve # ____ while arch 4 gives rise to nerve # ___.

Answer 8

(arch 1) mastication, (arch2) facial expression, (arch3and4) strap muscles, 5 (Trigeminal), 7 (Facial), 9 (Glossopharyngeal - voice), 10 (Vagus)

Question 9

Human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) is a placental hormone initially secreted by cells called _____.

hCG interacts with the LHCG receptor in the ___ and promotes the maintenance of the ___ ____ during the beginning of pregnancy. This allows the corpus luteum to secrete the hormone progesterone during the first trimester. Progesterone enriches the uterus with a thick lining of blood vessels and capillaries so that it can sustain the growing fetus.

Answer 9

syncitiotrophoblasts, ovary, corpus luteum

Question 10

What syndrome can neural crest cell disruption cause?

Answer 10

Treacher Collins Syndrome

Question 11

T/F pharyngeal clefts = pharyngeal grooves

Answer 11

T

Question 12

the pharyngeal pouches are lined with ____.

Answer 12

endoderm

Question 13

the pharyngeal arches are lined with ___.

Answer 13

mesoderm

Question 14

the pharyngeal clefts/grooves are lined with/form ___.

Answer 14

ectoderm

Question 15

the cartilages of the 1st & 2nd pharyngeal arches are derived from ____ ____ ____.

Answer 15

neural crest cells (NCC’s)

Question 16

the cartilage of the 3rd-6th arches are derived from ____.

Answer 16

mesoderm

Question 17

T/F - because the cartilage is present, mesenchyme turns into bone; cartilage does not turn into bone itself.

Answer 17

TRUE!!

Question 18

Remember that the ___ arch disappears, and the ___ arch has minor contributions like cricoid cartilage or laryngeal cartilage.

Answer 18

5th arch, 6th arch

Question 19

T/ F - each of the first 4 pharyngeal arches contain cartilage that is associated with dvlopmtn of facial boens and laryngeal cartilages

Answer 19

T

Question 20

Maxillary bones develop from the process of _____ ossification. Bone growth moves the maxilla in the ___ and ___ directions.

Answer 20

intramembranous, downward, forward

Question 21

The mandibular bones develop from ____ ossification and ___ ossification. the body and most of ramus of mandible are derived from ___ ossifcation, while other part of ramusu and condyle involves ___ ossification.

Answer 21

intramembranous, endochondral, intramembranous, endochondral.

Question 22

as neurulation proceeds thru the 3rd week of dvlpmnt, the embryo elongates and folds into 2 directions : ____ and _____.

Answer 22

cephalocaudally, laterally

Question 23

the ___ is the source of the 3 germ layers (510-3 slide 35) . the epiblasts move (due to signals from the primitive node) towards the hypoblasts; some (blue) epiblasts embed in the hypoblast layer (yellow). this innermost hypoblast layer becomes the endoderm. the outer blue layer of epiblasts becoems the ectoderm; epiblasts that get caught in the space in between epiblasts and hypoblasts become the mesoderm. this inward cell migration along the primitive streak is controlled by the gene for _______ ( ).

Answer 23

fibroblast growth factor 8 (FGF8).

Question 24

___ ____ Syndrome is also called mandibulofacial dysostosis, and is a craniofacial defect caused by disruption of ___ ____ cells.

Answer 24

Treacher Collins Syndrome, neural crest

Question 25

Treacher Collins Syndrome is called a "syndrome" because neural crest cells are responbible for craniofacial development as well as development of the ___ so infants with craniofatial defects often have ___ abnormalities.

Answer 25

heart, cardiac

Question 26

Treacher Collins Syndrome is a rare ____ ____ disorder, due to deficiency in ____ protein that is necessary for preventing apoptosis and maintaining proliferation in NCC's but not for regulating their migration, which occurs normally.

Answer 26

autosomal dominant, TREACLE

Question 27

Cleft palate occurs more in ____ while cleft lip occurs more in ____.

Answer 27

females, males (opposite of sexy vagina lips)

Question 28

cleft ____ incidence increases slightly with maternal age, whereas cleft ____ incidence does NOT increase with maternal age, but instead by ____factors such as anticonvulsant drugs such as phenobarbital taken during pregnancy.

Answer 28

lip, palate, environmental factors

Question 29

Pharyngeal arches __, __, and ___ are important for tongue development.

Answer 29

1, 3, 4

Question 30

The ____ ____ is the pit between the junction of the body of the tongue and the root of the tongue, and it becomes the ____.

Answer 30

foramen cecum, THYROID (to remember that it's not thymus, just remember that the gland it makes does not contain the letter "m," which the foramen cecum has a lot of in its name.

Question 31

During normal dvlpmnt of the tongue, there is a lot of programmed ____ of tissue under the anterior body of the tongue, and normally the FRENULUM remains to anchor the tongue to floor of mouth. ____ of the tongue is when the frenulum may extend to the tip of the tongue.

Answer 31

apoptosis (cell death), ANKYLOGLOSSIA (tongue tie)

Question 32

In the picture of the baby with bifid tongue, what went wrong?

Answer 32

the 1st arch had problems since its responsible for fusion of the mandible. this is very odd because usually the maxilla has more chance to have erroneous fusion since there is a larger gap between the maxillary prominences for things to go wrong.

Question 33

____ ___ us a longitudinal division of the tongue giving rise to a cleft in the tongue.

Answer 33

BIFID

Question 34

the occurrence of ___ tongue in the absence of other orofacial abnormalities is ____. in other words, ___ tongue is usually accompanied by other orofacial abnormalities.

Answer 34

bifid, rare, bifid

Question 35

the ___ foramen (fossa) forms the midline b/w the primary and secondary palate, where the primary palate joins the fused palatal shelves.

Answer 35

incisive fossa/foramen

Question 36

the ___ palate is essentially where the uvula is.

Answer 36

soft

Question 37

while the ____ shelves swings inward to form the secondary palate, the tongue must move ____ (direction).

Answer 37

palatine, downwards

Question 38

the lens of the eye derives from the ____ germ layer.

Answer 38

ectoderm