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BRS 5: Musculoskeletal & Rheumatology > 5.1: Introduction to the Musculoskeletal System > Flashcards

5.1: Introduction to the Musculoskeletal System Flashcards

1
Q

What is the MSK system

A

(Musculoskeletal system)
The anatomical structures that allow locomotion

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2
Q

5 components of the MSK system

A

Bones
Joints - where 2 bones meet
Muscles
Tendons
Ligaments

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3
Q

Tendons are

A

Cords of strong fibrous connective tissue attaching muscle to bone

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4
Q

Ligaments are

A

Sheets of fibrous connective tissue which connect two bones

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5
Q

How many bones are in the human body

A

206 (+sesamoids)

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6
Q

How many bones are in a child’s body

A

270

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7
Q

Appendicular skeleton consists of

A

Pectoral and pelvic girdle, limbs

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8
Q

Axial skeleton consists of

A

Cranium, vertebral column, rib cage

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9
Q

5 functions of the skeleton

A

1) rigidity / support
2) movement
3) protection for internal organs (e.g. skull, rib cage)
4) mineral storage / homeostasis (e.g. regulation of calcium and phosphate)
5) bone marrow produces blood cells

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10
Q

Characteristics of bone

A

Not inert
Alive and undergoing continual change in response to external stresses
(therefore as a result of stroke bone undergoes demineralisation and osteoporosis)

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11
Q

Bone is composed of

A

Cells
Extracellular matrix : (2 branches)
organic component (osteoarthritis)
inorganic component (minerals)

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12
Q

2 bone cells and what they give rise to

A

Osteogenic cells - osteoblasts
Osteocyte - osteoclasts

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13
Q

Osteogenic cell characteristics

A

Bone ‘stem cells’

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14
Q

Osteoblast characteristics

A

“Bone forming”
Secretes ‘osteoid’
Catalyse mineralisation of osteoid

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15
Q

Osteocyte cell characteristics
(Formation and function)

A

Mature bone marrow
Forms when an osteoblast becomes imbedded in its secretions
Sense mechanical strain to direct osteoclast and osteoblast activity

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16
Q

Osteoclast characteristics

A

‘Bone breaking’
Dissolve and reabsorb bone by phagocytosis
Derived from bone marrow

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17
Q

Bone mineral density (BMD) is dependent upon

A

Balance of osteoblasts vs osteoclast activity

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18
Q

Osteoporosis arises as a result of

A

Low BMD

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19
Q

Osteoporosis results in

A

Increased risk for low-impact fractures (e.g wrist, hip,lumbar spine)

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20
Q

2 types of drugs used to treat osteoporosis

A

Drugs that :
Inhibit osteoclastic activity
Increase osteoblastic activity

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21
Q

Mechanisms of fracture (3)

A

Trauma: low energy and high energy
Stress: abnormal stresses on normal bone
Pathological: normal stresses on abnormal bone

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22
Q

5 scenarios of traumatic fractures

A

Falls
Road traffic accidents (RTA)
Assault
Sports
Crush injury

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23
Q

5 non-traumatic diseases affecting bone

A

Cancer
Osteoporosis
Endocrine/metabolic diseases
Paget’s disease
Genetic diseases

24
Q

Classification of joints is based upon

A

Structure or function

25
Q

Diseases of joints is referred to as

A

Arthritis

26
Q

Significance of joint diseases

A

Impact quality of life and function
Affect ability to perform activities of daily living (ADLs)
Limit ability to work
Secondary effects on cardiovascular and metabolic systems

27
Q

3 structural joint classifications

A

Fibrous joints
Cartilaginous joints
Synovial joints

28
Q

3 functional joint classifications

A

Synarthroses
Amphiarthroses
Diarthroses

29
Q

Characteristics of fibrous joints

A

No space between bones -synarthroses
(e.g. sutures in skull, syndesmosis in tibia and fibula)

30
Q

Characteristics of cartilaginous joints

A

Joints in which bones are connected by cartilage (e.g. joints between spinal vertebrae)
-amphiarthroses

31
Q

Characteristics of synovial joints

A

Space between adjoining bones filled with synovial fluid
- diarthroses

32
Q

Characteristic of synarthroses

A

Allow no movement

33
Q

Characteristic of amphiarthroses

A

Very limited movement

34
Q

Characteristic of diarthroses

A

Free movement of joint

35
Q

4 functional types of synovial joints

A

Hinge (e.g knee) - monoplanar
Ball and socket (e.g shoulder, hip) - multiplanar
Pivot joint (e.g cervical spine) - limited rotating movements
Condyloid / ellipsoidal joints (e.g. Wrist) - allow all types of movement except pivotal

36
Q

Components of a synovial joint

A

2 bones, covered in articular cartilage, with a joint cavity containing synovial fluid

37
Q

Characteristics of Synovium

A

1-3 cell deep lining containing macrophage like phagocytic cells and fibroblast-like cells producing hyaluronic acid
Type 1 collagen

38
Q

Characteristics of synovial fluid

A

Hyaluronic acid-rich viscous fluid

39
Q

Characteristics of articular cartilage

A

Type 2 collagen
Proteoglycan (aggrecan)

Result in cartilage being strong and resistant to compression

40
Q

Function of Cartilage

A

Provides smooth lining at a joint to allow ends of two bones to move with minimal friction

41
Q

Cartilage is composed of (2)

A

Chondrocytes (Specialised cells)
Extracellular matrix: water, collagen and proteoglycans (aggrecan)
Chondroitin sulphate and keratin sulphate chains - interact with hyaluronan

42
Q

Blood supply to cartilage

A

Avascular: no blood supply, so if injured doesn’t heal well

43
Q

Aggrecan is (2)

A
  • Proteoglycan possessing many chondroitin sulphate, and keratin sulphate chains
  • Characterised by ability to interact with hyaluronan (HA) to form large Proteoglycan aggregates
44
Q

Two broad divisions of arthritis

A

Non-inflammatory : Osteoarthritis
inflammatory

45
Q

Osteoarthritis is

A

loss of articular cartilage affecting whole joint
- non-inflammatory
-degenerative disease

46
Q

3 types of inflammatory arthritis

A

Immune mediated
Crystal arthritis
Septic arthritis (infection)

47
Q

Example of autoimmune arthritis

A

Rheumatoid arthritis
(Immune system attacks self)
Psoriatic arthritis
SLE (lupus)
Reactive arthritis

48
Q

Example of crystal arthritis

A

Gout (urate) and pseudogout (calcium pyrophosphate dihydrate)
Crystals trigger inflammation

49
Q

What is septic arthritis

A

Bacterial infection in the joint (medical emergency)

50
Q

Function of muscles

A

Force generators of MSK system : move bones around a joint
Respond to load (hypertrophy) V atrophy with disuse
Provide protection for underlying structures

51
Q

Characteristics of both ligaments and tendons (3)

A

Strong soft tissue structures
Predominantly consist of type1 collagen
Less blood supply than muscle

52
Q

Characteristics of ligaments (3)

A

Connect bone to bone
Restrict joint motion
Stabil and proprioception

53
Q

Characteristics of tendons (3)

A

Connect muscle to bone
Transmit forces
Collagen fibrils -> fibres

54
Q

Acute injury to tendons occurs when

A

Force exceeds tensile strength

55
Q

Chronic injury to tendons occurs when

A

There is a Pathological response to poor biomechanics or overuse

56
Q

What cells control osteoblast and osteoclast formation

A

Osteocytes

BRS 5: Musculoskeletal & Rheumatology (6 decks)

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