50% Final Flashcards
Unlimited resources
Competition does not occur
Population experience an exponential growth
Unlimited resources
Population experiences a logistic growth (moving toward carrying capacity K)
Limited resources
Conditions which a species actually lives under (niches it is found in the real world) , due to biotic interaction such as predation and competition (aka actual habitats of the species)
Realized niche
Competitive exclusion principle
States that no two species can co-exist in exactly the same niche. One species will drive the other to extinction
Comprehensive set of all
Potential habitats for a species; the set of environmental conditions under which an organism could potentially survive in the absence of other species
Fundamental niche
Look at lotka volterra on google doc
Yay
Herbivory
Animals eat plants
Parasitism
Parasite gains at host’s expense
Parasitoid
Larvae live as parasites that eventually kill their host
Predation
Animals eat other animals
Prey and predator cycles
As prey density increases (peaks), predator population……
Also increases
Prey and predator cycles
As predator density increases (peaks), prey population…..
Decreases
Prey and predator cycles
What causes thee prey density to increase again?
The predator population will die from starvation
List the 6 limitations of Lotka-Volterra model:
No crowding
Equal chance encounter between prey and predator
Prey is the only food for predator
Predation is the only major cause of prey death
No handling time
No immigration or emigration
A population is controlled by the tropic levels above it (predator it exploiter)
Top down regulation
Bottom up regulation
A population is controlled by the trophic level below it (i.e. By resource availability)
Transmitter species responds to initiator species by altering phenotype; this trait change alters it’s interaction with receiver species
Trait-mediated indirect interactions
Initiator species causes s change in the density of the transmitter species; this change in density directly impacts the receiver species
Density-mediated indirect interaction
Have large effects on identity and diversity of other species in community because of abundance/large biomass
Foundation species
Predators in a food web suppress the abundance or alter the behavior of prey, thereby releasing the next lower trophic level from predation
Trophic cascade
Have large effects in community, despite lower abundance, because of strong interactions
Keystone species
Predict how an addition of a top predator would cascade down to affect lower trophic levels.
- Top predator would increase as it preyed on 3rd level
- carnivore (3rd level) would decrease as they were preyed on
- herbivore (2nd level) would increase as a result of carnivores decreasing
- primary producers (1st level) would decrease due to increase in herbivore
Sequential change in a community over time
Succession
High intensity, catastrophic disturbance. Removes all traces of previous communities including roots, seeds, and soil
Primary succession
Low intensity (forest fires) not catastrophic. Some species remains
Secondary succession
What is the main difference between primary and secondary succession
In the secondary succession the population is not reverted all the way back to zero
Make chart of early successional vs late successional
Google doc
No interaction between late and early successional species
Tolerance
Early species make it harder for late species
Inhibition
Pioneer species arrive early and make it easier for late arriving species
Facilitation
How much the community changes due to a particular disturbance (communities change less)
Resistance
Ability of community to recover and resemble pre disturbance community’s
Resilience
Time it takes for a community to return to equilibrium after disturbance
Return time
A species on which other species in an ecosystem largely depends, such that if it were removed the ecosystem would change drastically
Keystone species
Ecological status of the the keystone species may not be able to tolerate additional reduction in its population through harvesting
Limitations
5 reasons for potential impacts of biodiversity loss
1 climate change 2 over exploitation 3 deforestation and habitat loss 4 pollution 5 invasive species
Smaller islands have _ _ rates than larger islands because of _ _
Higher extinction rates
Less resources
Islands ___ the mainland have higher immigration rates
Near
The island with the fewest species will be one that is ____ and _____
Far from mainland and small
Immigration rates ___ with more species added
Decreases
Extinction rates ____ increase with more species added
Increases
Practices drawing immigration and extinction curves
Sakai
Species richness is ____ near the equator and __ at the poles
Higher
Lower
4 contributing factors to biodiversity
1 climate
2 geographic area
3 isolation
4 evolutionary history
Anybody ice benefits that ecosystems provide to humans
Ecosystem services
List 4 ecosystem services
Provisioning
Regulating
Cultural
Supporting
Benefits derived from the regulation of ecosystem processes
Regulating
Nonmaterial benefits people gain from ecosystems
Cultural
Ecosystem processes necessary for the production of all other ecosystem services
Supporting
Ecosystem goods directly consumed by the people
Provisioning
Competition occurs
Limited resource
K selected species
Long lives low reproductive rate
R selected species
High reproductive rate
Short lived
List 5 characteristic of pioneer species
Fast growing Efficient nutrient uptake Rapid dispersal R selected Short generation time
List 5 characteristics of late successional environments
Slower growth Slower to mature Larger individual biomass Strong competitors K selected
Intermediate disturbance hypothesis
When ecological disturbance is neither too rare or frequent local species diversity is maximized
