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BPK 110 > 5: Water > Flashcards

5: Water Flashcards

1
Q

Structure and Properties of Water

A
  • Water is a polar molecule
  • slightly positive (δ+), slightly negative (δ–) charges of H and O atoms
  • polar molecules are attracted to water = hydrophilic
  • Nonpolar molecules are not attracted to water = hydrophobic
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2
Q

Hydrophilic

A
  • Polar molecules that are attracted to and dissolve easily in water
  • water loving
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3
Q

Hydrophobic

A
  • not polar and not attracted to water
  • water hating
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4
Q

Water content of human body

A
  • Human body is 60–70% water by weight
  • 2/3 of water found within cells = intracellular water
  • 1/3 of water found outside of cells = extracellular water
    Ex: blood, spaces between cells
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5
Q

Cytoplasm

A
  • gel-like substance that is 80% water
  • water in cytoplasm accounts for majority of the body’s water
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6
Q

Extracellular water

A

extracellular water content is constantly being used for the body’s needs and must be regularly replenished

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7
Q

Where can extracellular water be found?

A
  • Most extracellular water is found within blood
  • around joints, in the lungs, lining certain tissues and in the lymph
  • extracellular space around cells
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8
Q

Movement of Water:
Osmosis

A

drives water to move across semi-permeable membranes, like blood capillaries, evening out concentration differences

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9
Q

Movement of Water:
Blood pressure

A

provides a force that pushes water out of blood and into the extracellular space

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10
Q

Functions of Water:
Structure

A

Helps structures maintain their form
Ex: Gives cells three dimensional shape necessary for cellular organelle to function, Water within synovial fluid sacs promote joint structure

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11
Q

Functions of Water:
Solvent

A
  • water within cells also allows certain material to move around the cell
  • water is always in motion, substances within water are in motion
  • compatible reactants are dissolved in water, increased chance of colliding and undergoing a chemical reaction
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12
Q

Functions of Water:
Hydrolysis

A

Use water to split larger molecules into smaller ones

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13
Q

Given an example of a hydrolysis reaction

A

Breakdown of the double sugar maltose into two molecules of single sugar glucose

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14
Q

Functions of Water:
Defence from infections

A
  • provides an environment for immune cells to fight off infections
  • Main component of mucus, helps remove infectious agents
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15
Q

Functions of Water:
Protection from injury

A
  • reduce friction and damage from movement or trauma that can negatively affect our tissues
  • synovial fluid helps protect bones from scrapping against each other
  • mucus lines, various structures, and protects them from physical injuries
  • Water around brain and spinal cord helps protect from various forces
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16
Q

Functions of Water:
Temperature Regulation

A

Body temperature strictly maintained at around 37 ̊C to function properly
- Body uses water to regulate body temperature through two main mechanisms (sweating, blood shunt)

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17
Q

Functions of Water:
Temperature Regulation (Sweating)

A

release of watery sweat from our sweat glands
- When sweat evaporates, it cools down our skin and bodies

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18
Q

Functions of Water:
Temperature Regulation (Blood Shunting)

A

body tries to maintain its temperature by opening blood vessels close to the skin
- blood shunt some of the heat from the body’s core to the skin’s surface

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19
Q

Water Balance:
Sources of water

A

Every day, we lose water through urine, feces and evaporation
- Water is gained during certain metabolic processes
- plants/animals we eat are made of cells = break down their cells and release water from their cytoplasm
- water is a by product of cellular respiration

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20
Q

Water Balance:
Maintaining water balance

A

Water homeostasis is one of the body’s main priorities
- preserve body water levels through two main mechanisms (Thirst response, Kidneys)

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21
Q

When blood volume decreases, how does body try to maintain water balance?

A
  • Thirst increases due to several body sensors that indicate brain that the concentration of dissolved particles in the blood is high, meaning that the concentration of water is low
  • Kidneys decide what stays in the blood and what is excreted in urine
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22
Q

How do kidneys and water effect blood volume?

A
  • Blood volume high, excess water is excreted at kidneys. A lot of waste products for the kidneys to remove, contributes to water loss, water is needed to aid materials pass outward
  • blood volume/pressure is low, the kidneys decrease production of urine
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23
Q

Individuals that are deficient in water will notice what in their urine

A

urine is more darkly coloured, as it contains less water to dilute waste products

24
Q

Water Balance:
Dehydration

A
  • either due to insufficient consumption or excessive loss
25
Q

What can causes dehydration?

A

excessive loss of water, potentially due to sweating, diarrhea or vomiting

26
Q

Symptoms of dehydration

A

increased thirst, dry mouth, headaches, fatigue, dizziness, irritability and dark urine

27
Q

Chronic dehydration can lead to what

A

more severe complications, including kidney damage, seizures and hypovolemic shock

28
Q

Dehydration: Kidney disease

A

Dehydration puts extra stress on the kidneys, as they do not have enough water to help secrete waste products
- increases the risk of urinary tract infections, kidney stones, and in extreme cases lead to chronic kidney disease and even death

29
Q

Dehydration: Seizures

A

Excessive sweating not only promotes water loss, but important electrolytes can also be lost in this process
- Electrolyte imbalance can compromise the body’s electrical activity, potentially promoting seizures

30
Q

Dehydration: Hypovolemic shock

A

When the body loses a lot of blood or extracellular fluid
- Excessively low blood volume can promote significant drop in BP
- Low blood volume and pressure can compromise oxygen and nutrient delivery to the tissues

31
Q

Water Balance:
Water Intoxication (Water Poisoning)

A

potentially fatal where content of water in body is too high with respect to the level of electrolytes

32
Q

Why does water intoxication occur?

A

individual consumes excessive amounts of water in a short period of time and does not excrete it through urination
- significant amount of water is lost due to excessive sweating, diarrhea or vomiting = losses are replaced by only drinking water, it dilutes the electrolytes in the body

33
Q

T/F: Extreme cases of dehydration can lead to malfunction of the central nervous system

A

True, causing increased risk for seizures, brain damage, coma and even death

34
Q

Water Intoxication: Hyponatremia

A
  • Low sodium in the blood
  • Water levels, decrease concentration of dissolved particles in the blood
35
Q

Why are most symptoms of water intoxication neurological based?

A

brain is susceptible to hyponatremia, can lead to an increase in intracranial pressure causing symptoms of headache, confusion, personality changes, irritability, and drowsiness

36
Q

Diuretics

A

substances that promote water losses through urination
- Certain medications act as diuretics, as do certain psychoactive drugs like caffeine and alcohol

37
Q

Diuretic pills (water pills)

A

prescribed for conditions such as high blood pressure, kidney stones and tissue swelling
- promote sodium excretion at the kidney, also promotes water excretion

38
Q

T/F: Diuretic pills are generally safe

A

True, should only be consumed under recommendation of doctor, as they can increase risk for electrolyte imbalances, headache, dizziness and kidney failure

39
Q

Diuretics: Caffeine

A
  • psychoactive drug found in certain foods and beverages
  • compound found naturally in seeds, nuts and leaves
  • consumed for its effects on the central nervous system, as it can promote alertness, while reducing fatigue and drowsiness
40
Q

Pros and cons of caffeine

A

Pro: promotes alertness, reduces tiredness, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory properties
Con: may promote kidney problems, increase risk of miscarriage, kidney stones

41
Q

Diuretics: Alcohol

A
  • psychoactive drug found in certain foods and beverages
  • can affect hydration levels of over consumed
  • provides energy to body; 7 kcal/g
42
Q

Pros and cons of Alcohol

A

Pro: light to moderate drinkers (1–2 servings of alcohol per day) have a lower risk of cardiovascular disease compared to non-drinkers
Con: risk for cancers, liver cirrhosis, confusion, dementia, nutrition, mortality

43
Q

What factors affect level of intoxication

A

Amount consumed, how quickly absorbed, size of individual, gender, genetics, type of alcohol, menstruation

44
Q

Alcohol metabolism

A
  • 90% of alcohol is metabolized and eliminated at the liver
  • Alcohol dehydrogenase aldehyde dehydrogenase are the enzymes responsible for metabolizing alcohol
  • Genetic changes can negatively impact the activity of these enzymes
45
Q

How do genetics affect alcohol metabolism?

A

genetic variation of the enzyme aldehyde dehydrogenase leads to slower metabolism and lower risk for dependence. Resulting in facial redness, nausea, sweating, dizziness and a racing heartrate due to the buildup of acetaldehyde

46
Q

Alcohol: Hangovers

A
  • Typically occur 6+ hours after drinking
  • May be due to direct effect of alcohol, acetaldehyde buildup, or congeners
  • best way to avoid hangovers is to moderate or abstain from alcohol consumption
47
Q

Alcohol Hangover:
Congeners

A

substances added during the fermentation process of alcohol
- suspected factor that produces hangover symptoms

48
Q

Symptoms of hangovers

A

vomiting, tiredness, decreased attention, decreased concentration, stomach pain and disturbed sleep

49
Q

Water recommendations

A
  • amount of water an individual requires daily depends on various factors (sex, activity level and how much they sweat)
  • AI for water is 2.7 L/day for women and 3.7 L/day for men
  • When excessive water is lost due to sweating, vomiting or diarrhea, replenish both lost water and electrolytes
50
Q

T/F: Water is an inorganic macronutrient

A

True, cannot live without a continuous supply of water to the body.
- provides no energy, but has key structural and functional roles

51
Q

T/F: Alcohol and caffeine are food

A

False, they are diuretics that promote water loss.
- they are drugs and exert their main effects on the brain

52
Q

T/F: If there is an area with more dissolved polar substances, water will move towards these

A

True

53
Q

T/F: When blood pressure is higher, there is a greater chance the water will move from blood vessels to the extracellular space

A

True

54
Q

In order for sweating to effectively cool the body, the sweat must _______________

A

Evaporate

55
Q

________ can occur when the body loses a lot of blood or extracellular fluid. It is evidenced by a drop in blood pressure and compromised oxygen and nutrient delivery

A

hypovolemic shock

BPK 110 (10 decks)

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