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BPK 110 > 4: Digestive Tract In Health And Disease > Flashcards

4: Digestive Tract In Health And Disease Flashcards

1
Q

T/F: Probiotics and prebiotics are found in only supplements and not foods

A

False. Probiotics and prebiotics are found in BOTH foods and supplements

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2
Q

Probiotics

A

cultures of living organisms (bacteria)
- found in yogurt and kombucha
- cannot treat or cure any disease, but may help in management of certain conditions

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3
Q

Prebiotics

A

non living organisms
- act as food (carbs) for microbiome and support its function
- SCFAs are produced and released into the bloodstream

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4
Q

Health benefits of prebiotics

A

reducing inflammation, supporting immune system, enhancing mineral bioavailability and reducing cholesterol

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5
Q

Food sources of prebiotics

A

asparagus, beet sugar, garlic, onion, wheat, honey, banana, barley, tomato, rye, soymilk, peas, beans and seaweed

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6
Q

What are two main types of prebiotics

A

fructo-oligosaccharides and galacto-oligosaccharides – medium-chain carbohydrates made up of fructose and galactose

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7
Q

How is a food classified as a prebiotic?

A

must be able to past the acidic stomach environment, be fermented by intestinal microbiota and it must change the activity of the microbiota in a way that is beneficial to the health of the person or organism

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8
Q

Ulcers

A

open sores that can occur along the lining of a body structure
- caused by a weakening of the mucosal layer of the digestive tract wall

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9
Q

Where can ulcers occur?

A

multiple points of the digestive tract - mouth, esophagus, stomach and small intestine

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10
Q

Canker sores

A

Ulcers in the mouth
- typically disappear on their own
- caused by biting the cheek, eating a lot of acidic food or burning the inside of the mouth

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11
Q

Peptic ulcers

A

occur in esophagus, stomach or small intestine
- related to infection with H. pylori bacteria
- prescribe antibiotics

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12
Q

Gastroesophageal reflux (acid reflux)

A

Lower esophageal sphincter weakens; acidic stomach contents spill into esophagus resulting in a burning feeling (heart burn)

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13
Q

T/F: heartburn is a condition that does not directly involve the heart

A

True

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14
Q

Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD)

A

lead to the narrowing of the esophagus, promote an esophageal ulcer, which can then lead to a pre-cancerous condition called Barrett’s esophagus

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15
Q

Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS)

A
  • affects the large intestine
  • cause is unknown
    Symptoms: abdominal pain, bloating, cramping, diarrhea, constipation and flatulence
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16
Q

IBS treatments focuses on alleviating symptoms like…

A
  • Managing stress, finding/avoiding triggers, drinking plenty of fluids, getting adequate sleep and exercising
  • Avoiding foods that promote gas, carbonated and alcoholic beverages, certain vegetables like broccoli, cauliflower and cabbage
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17
Q

Diverticula

A
  • weakened walls of large intestine form outpouchings (common colon)
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18
Q

Diverticulitis

A

Diverticula becoming inflamed

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19
Q

Diverticulosis

A

Bleeding of the diverticula

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20
Q

Risk factors for diverticulitis

A

older, obese, smokers and physically inactive
- diet low in fibre and high in animal fat increase risk

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21
Q

Gallstones

A

hardened bile deposits that form stones in the gallbladder
- painful, especially when lipids are consumed and gallbladder contracts to release bile

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22
Q

Why do gallstones occur?

A

overabundance of cholesterol as compared to bile salts in bile

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23
Q

Risk factors that contribute to gallstones

A
  • female, use of estrogen-containing contraceptives, obesity, rapid weight loss, physical inactivity, medications that increase cholesterol
  • Diets higher in simple sugars, saturated fat and energy intake are also associated with a higher risk
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24
Q

Con of gallbladder removal

A
  • less bile release during fat digestion
    negatively impacts lipid digestion and individual may require reduced-fat diet to minimize symptoms (diarrhea, flatulence)
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25
Q

Cancer

A
  • uncontrolled multiplication and spread of cells
  • blocking important structures from performing and by consuming valuable energy required for proper tissue function
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26
Q

Colorectal cancer

A
  • colon or rectum of large intestine
  • highest mortality
  • both genetic and lifestyle-related risk factors
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27
Q

Factors that increase risk of colorectal cancer

A
  • Physical activity, obesity
  • Diet high and processed meats
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28
Q

Factors that decrease risk of colorectal cancer

A
  • physical activity, weight management, dietary modification
  • Diet, high and vegetables, fruits, and fibre
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29
Q

Constipation

A

bowel movements that are difficult to pass or less frequent
- dry, hard, can be painful to excrete

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30
Q

T/F: Chronic constipation can increase the chance of hemorrhoids

A

True, swollen blood vessels in the anus and rectum that can become inflamed and painful

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31
Q

What causes constipation to occur?

A
  • matter passes through large intestine more slowly
  • allows for a greater degree of water absorption by large intestine, compacting the stool and making it more difficult to pass
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32
Q

Risk factors that cause constipation

A

Age, female, genetics, physical inactivity, certain medications, IBS
- diet low in fibre, vegetables, fruits and water

33
Q

Diarrhea

A

matter passes quickly through the large intestine
- loose stools that have a liquid-like consistency

34
Q

What causes diarrhea?

A

Bacterial and viral infections (food poisoning)
- protective mechanism to expel these infectious agents

35
Q

T/F: Persistent diarrhea can promote dehydration

A

True, lot of liquid is lost in the stool

36
Q

What does the liver do with nutrients delivered from veins via the capillary beds of small intestine villi

A

use them, store them, send them to the rest of the body or detoxify them

37
Q

T/F: all nutrients end up in the liver

A

False. large lipids and fat-soluble vitamins are packaged and enter the lacteal vessels in the small intestine villi, moving through lymphatic vessels, which drain into the blood around the level of the collarbone.
- bypass the liver

38
Q

What does the liver do if there is an immediate energy need

A

use absorbed sugars such as fructose

39
Q

What does liver do if glycogen levels are low

A

store glucose in the form of glycogen until stores are full

40
Q

Where do unused nutrients from liver go?

A

It enters the bloodstream and can then be sent throughout the body via the cardiovascular system

41
Q

What organs help eliminate toxins

A

Skin, kidneys, lungs, digestive tract, liver

42
Q

Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs)

A

toxins are substances that can be found in food that can cause damage to the body

43
Q

Metabolism

A

sum of all the chemical reactions that occur in an organism

44
Q

What are the two types of metabolism?

A

anabolism and catabolism

45
Q

Anabolism

A
  • smaller molecules coming together to make larger ones
  • require a net input of energy
46
Q

Catabolism

A
  • larger molecules breaking down into smaller ones
  • net release of energy
47
Q

Given an example of an anabolic reaction

A

Protein synthesis, which combines amino acids into specific chains requires an input of energy

48
Q

Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)

A

body’s energy currency
- 3 phosphate mlcs attached to an adenosine base
- catabolism of the energy-yielding nutrients (carbs, fats, proteins) leads to the release of energy

49
Q

T/F: Cells break down energy-yielding nutrients through a catabolic process where energy is released

A

True

50
Q

T/F: Cells break down energy-yielding nutrients through a catabolic process where energy is released

A

True

51
Q

Adenosine Diphosphate (ADP)

A

ATP releases a phosphate group from the bond, releasing energy that can then be used for fuel

52
Q

Adenosine Diphosphate (ADP)

A

ATP releases a phosphate group from the bond, releasing energy that can then be used for fuel

53
Q

Where does cellular respiration occur?

A

mitochondria (“powerhouse”) of the cell

54
Q

Cellular respiration

A

catabolism of the energy-yielding nutrients (sugars, triglycerides and amino acids) leading to the production of ATP

C6H1206 +602 →6C02 + 6H20 + ATP

55
Q

Metabolic pathway

A

many metabolic steps

C6H1206 +602 →6C02 + 6H20 + ATP

56
Q

Cellular respiration of glucose equation

A

C6H1206 +602 →6C02 + 6H20 + ATP

57
Q

Glucose Metabolism
1: Glycolysis

A

Glycolysis = breakdown of glucose
- 6-carbon glucose broken down into 2 molecules of three-carbon pyruvate
- bonds are broken, energy released and captured in 2 mlcs of ATP
- Anaerobic reaction, no oxygen need

58
Q

Anaerobic

A

Without oxygen
- useful when the body’s energy demands are high and we cannot deliver enough oxygen to the cells to fuel these needs

59
Q

Lactate

A

increases blood acidity and causes discomfort
Ex: high intensity activities, sprinting, weight lifting

60
Q

Glucose Metabolism
2: Breakdown of Pyruvate

A
  • Condition depends on aerobic or anaerobic
    Aerobic: pyruvate forms acetyl CoA with the addition of coenzyme (CO2)
    Anaerobic: pyruvate is oxidized to lactate
61
Q

Anaerobic Metabolism of Pyruvate

A
  • some ATP is formed
  • pyruvate is oxidized to lactate
  • produces an acidic environment in the blood that is not sustainable
  • process is reversible
  • lactate converted back to pyruvate when oxygen is available again
  • Pyruvate can then proceed through its aerobic breakdown
62
Q

Aerobic Metabolism of Pyruvate

A
  • pyruvate forms acetyl CoA with the addition of coenzyme A
  • loss of some electrons, captured by electron transporter called NADH+H+
  • Some carbon dioxide is also released in this process
63
Q

Glucose Metabolism
3: Citric Acid Cycle

A
  • series of chemical reactions that occur under aerobic conditions
  • also called Tricarboxylic Acid (TCA) cycle and the Krebs cycle
  • complex set of reactions that begins when acetyl CoA combines with oxaloacetate to form citrate
  • Produces CO2 , water, and the capture of energy in GTP (≈ATP)
  • electron transporters (NADH + H+, FADH2) capture electrons and move to the mitochondrial membrane to begin the electron transport chain
64
Q

Glucose Metabolism
4: Electron Transport Chain

A

buildup of protons (H+) on one side of the membrane
- Electrons are exchanged between the electron transporters (NADH + H+, FADH2) and membrane-bound proteins
- protons enter a protein pump associated with enzyme ATP synthase
- process leads to the production of more than 30 molecules of ATP

65
Q

ATP synthase

A

Step 4: The Electron Transport Chain
- bonding of phosphate group onto ADP, regenerating ATP
- Cellular respiration leads to the production of more than 30
molecules of ATP per molecule of glucose

66
Q

Lipid metabolism

A

triglyceride molecule has three fatty acids attached to a glycerol backbone
- occurs in the liver
- Majority of energy is derived from fatty acids
- Beta-oxidation splits the fatty acid two carbon atoms at a time, entering citric acid cycle and then cellular respiration occurs

67
Q

Beta-oxidation

A

Lipid metabolism
- Fatty acids broken down two carbons at a time to form acetyl CoA

68
Q

What is main rule of amino acids in body?

A

promote the growth and repair of tissues

69
Q

Amino acid metabolism

A
  1. nitrogen group of the amino acid must be removed (deaminated)
    - 21 amino acids, each with unique side chain, so 21 possible products after an amino acid is deaminated
70
Q

Amino Acid Metabolism:
Deaminated amino acids will be used to form what

A

Glucose, Acetyl CoA, Pyruvate or certain Citric Acid Cycle intermediates

71
Q

Deamination

A

Removing the nitrogen containing amine group

72
Q

Ketogenesis

A
  • occur when diet is high in fat and very low in carbohydrates
  • citric acid cycle requires carbs
  • very low carb diet, fatty acids cannot enter citric acid cycle, instead form ketones
73
Q

Non-energy uses of sugars, lipids, and amino acids

A

Consuming more energy than we need, most of the excess is stored as lipid in our fat tissue

74
Q

T/F: The term microbiota refers to the different genetic material found in our body due to the presence of microorganisms such as bacteria

A

False, this is called the Microbiome

75
Q

T/F: Foods such as broccoli, cauliflower and cabbage cause irritable bowel syndrom

A

False, cause is unknown, thought these food may trigger IBS symptoms

76
Q

T/F: Prebiotics are typically medium-length carbohydrates

A

True

77
Q

Once carbohydrates are absorbed, the first organ they encounter is the ________

A

Liver

78
Q

Large lipids are absorbed into the ______________________ system

A

Lymphatic system

BPK 110 (10 decks)

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