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Medical Microbiology > 5 Viral and Bacterial Vaccines > Flashcards

5 Viral and Bacterial Vaccines Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

vaccine

A

suspension of live (usually attenuated) or inactivated microorganisms
(e.g., bacteria or viruses) or fractions administered to induce immunity and prevent infectious disease

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2
Q

Mechanisms of acquiring immunity

A

Vaccines can induce acquired side of the immune system
Passive and active immunity can be induced by vaccination, as well as being naturally acquired in response to contact with pathogens or other bacteria with cross-reactive antigens

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3
Q

Passive immunisation types

A
  1. Natural

2. Artificial

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4
Q

natural passive immunisation

A
  • placental transfer of IgG

- colostral transfer of IgA

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5
Q

artificial passive immunisation

A
  • immunoglobulin

- immune cells

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6
Q

disease examples of vaccine-induced passive immunity

A

tetanus
antibody source - human, horse
use - prophylaxis therapy

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7
Q

Pros of passive immunisation

A

immediate protection

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8
Q

Active immunisation types

A

natural

artificial

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9
Q

natural active immunisation

A
  • exposure to sub-clinical infections

- exposure to cross-reaction non-pathogens

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10
Q

artificial active immunisation

A
  • attenuated organisms
  • killed organisms
  • heterologous organisms
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11
Q

Natural acquisition of immunity

A

Develops from infection - may be transient or persistant, leading to acute or chronic disease,
Infection may be sub-clinical (which may also cause disease at a later timepoint)
Disease may result in death or morbidity, or it may resolve; in the latter cases this can result in immunity

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12
Q

Types of immunity

A
  1. Cell-mediated

2. Humoral

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13
Q

Cell-mediated

A

TH1 response, mediated by cytotoxic cells such as cytotoxic T-cells, as well as phagocytic cells such as polymorphonuclear leukocytes and macrophages
- important for resistance to intracellular pathogens including viruses or intracellular bacteria

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14
Q

Humoral

A

TH2 response is likely to lead to a less controlled form of the disease (DTH response suppressed, antibody levels raised but unable to control the infection, there are large numbers of organisms and tissues invasion

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15
Q

Bacterial vaccine targets

A

number of surface and secreted molecules can form the basis of vaccines, including proteins, capsular polysaccharide and lipo-oligosaccharide

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16
Q

Viral vaccine targets

A

Like bacterial targets, tend to be surface exposed proteins
Proteins expressed during the viral life cycle in the host cell and presented by T cells on the host cell surface may also be targeted

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17
Q

Ideal vaccine

A
  • Given orally (or nasally)
  • Generates long-lasting protective immunity
  • Stimulates both T and B cells to generate immunological memory and class switching
  • Provides cross-protective immunity
  • Is effective in all age groups
  • Safe, cheap to make, stable
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18
Q

Criteria for vaccine development: the organism

A
  • disease severity
  • prevalence
  • mortality
  • availability of treatments
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19
Q

Criteria for vaccine development: the antigen

A

Conservation
accessibility
generation of functional immunity
cross-protective

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20
Q

Conservation

A

should be well-conserved and expressed in vivo

21
Q

Accessibility

A

should be accessible to immune system

22
Q

Generation of functional immunity

A

should generate functional (e.g. bactericidal) antibodies and/or cell-mediated immunity

23
Q

Cross-protective

A

should ideally provide protection across serogroups/serotypes and serosubtypes

24
Q

Safety of vaccines

A

Risks from natural disease must outweigh risks of vaccination
Strict ‘good manufacturing practice’ observed
Records kept of administration and manufacturing details

25
Q

Bacterial vaccines based on

A

may be based on whole cells, which may be live and attenuated to reduce their virulence or killed

26
Q

Attenuated strain

A

may be target organism, a closely related but less (or non-) pathogenic organism, or a distantly related organism expressing heterologous recombinant proteins derived from the target organism

27
Q

Subunits types

A

protein or non-protein

28
Q

subunits - proteins

A

proteins can be purified from target organism or expressed as a recombinant
> recombinant administered as engineered attenuated vaccine strain in a heterologous organism

29
Q

subunits - non-proteins

A

non-protein antigens conjugated to proteins to provide better immunogens

30
Q

Bacterial vaccines: examples - whole cell

A

cholera

31
Q

Bacterial vaccines: examples - live attenuated

A

BCG, typhoid

32
Q

Bacterial vaccines: examples - protein

A

diphtheria

33
Q

Viral vaccines: examples

- whole cell

A

polio

34
Q

Viral vaccines: examples

- live attenuated

A

MMR

35
Q

Viral vaccines: examples

- protein

A

influenza A

36
Q

Viral vaccines: examples

- recombinant virus

A

rabies

37
Q

anti-idiotype vaccines

A

antibody is used as an immunogen to generate additional antibodies which mimic the antigen; these in turn can be used as immunogens

38
Q

Immunodominant/subdominant peptides

A

based on the peptide sequence of an immunogen can be chemically synthesised. Immunodominant peptides based on the meningococcal PorA gene have been used in experimental vaccines

39
Q

what does BCG vaccine protect you against

A

Mycobacterium tuberculosis (and thus TB >70%) ‏ and leprosy

40
Q

what is the BCG vaccine strain

A

live attenuated Mycobacterium bovis strain

41
Q

what is BCG

A

Bacillus Calmette-Guerin

42
Q

Meningococcal vaccines groups

A

6 major serogroups responsible for most human disease (A, B, C, W, X, Y)‏

43
Q

meningococcal vaccines type and effect

A

polysaccharide vaccines are safe and effective but do not induce class switching or immunological memory

44
Q

who cant have meningococcal vaccines

A

young children

45
Q

what are the meningococcal vaccine - polysaccharide based on

A

serogroup B polysaccharide

46
Q

Conjugate vaccines

A

Capsular polysaccharide can be chemically conjugated to protein antigens (e.g. tetanus toxoid)‏

47
Q

what was introduced to conjugate vaccines thats made them efficious

A

Introduction of Serogroup C conjugate vaccines proven highly efficious

48
Q

what are conjugate vaccines dependent on

A

T cell-dependent antigens

Medical Microbiology (13 decks)

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