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IGCSE Computer Science > 5 The Internet and its Uses > Flashcards

5 The Internet and its Uses Flashcards

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1
Q

internet

A

the world-wide interconnection of networks; the internet makes use of TCP and IP protocols

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2
Q

World Wide Web

A

a massive collection of web pages and is based on hypertext transfer protocols (http and https)

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3
Q

(web) browser

A

software that connects to a domain name server (DNS) to locate IP addresses; a browser interprets HTML web pages sent to a user’s computer so that the user can read documents and watch multimedia

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4
Q

hypertext mark-up language (HTML)

A

the language used to design, display and format web pages, and to write http(s) protocols

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5
Q

uniform resource locator (URL)

A

a text-based address for a web page

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6
Q

hypertext transfer protocol secure (https)

A

http with extra security (such as SSL) applied

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7
Q

hyperlink

A

highlighted text or an image that is activated by clicking and links to further text, images, a web page or a website

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8
Q

domain name server (DNS)

A

a server that looks up domain names for websites (for example, www.hoddereducation. com) in order to find the IP addresses that a computer needs to locate the web servers (for example, 07.162.140.19)

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9
Q

cookie

A

a text file sent from a website to a user’s browser; it is used to remember user preferences each time they visit the website

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10
Q

user preferences

A

settings or options stored in cookies that can remember customised web pages or indicate browsing history to target adverts

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11
Q

session cookie

A

a cookie that is stored temporarily on a computer; it is deleted when the browser is closed or the website session ends

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12
Q

persistent cookies

A

a cookie that is stored on the user’s hard drive and only deleted when the expiry date is reached or the cookie is deleted by the user

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13
Q

virtual shopping basket

A

an area of memory in a website where items a user wishes to purchase are temporarily stored; items remain in the basket until payment is made or the session has ended

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14
Q

digital currency

A

currency (a system of money) that exists in electronic form only; it has no physical form and is essentially data on a database

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15
Q

cryptocurrency

A

a form of digital currency that uses a chain of decentralised computers to control and monitor transactions

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16
Q

cryptography

A

the protection of data/information by use of coding; it usually involves encryption and decryption

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17
Q

blockchain

A

a decentralised database where all transactions are stored; it consists of a number of interconnected computers but not a central server

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18
Q

timestamp

A

a digital record of the date and time that a data block is created in blockchain networks

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19
Q

proof-of-work

A

the algorithm used in blockchain networks to confirm a transaction and to produce new blocks to add to the chain; special users called miners complete and monitor transactions on the network for a reward

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20
Q

brute force attack

A

a ‘trial and error’ method used by cybercriminals to crack passwords by finding all possible combinations of letters, numbers and symbols until the password is found

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21
Q

word list

A

a text file containing a collection of words used in a brute force attack

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22
Q

data interception

A

an attempt to eavesdrop on a wired or wireless network transmission; cybercriminal often use packet sniffing or access point mapping / wardriving to intercept data

23
Q

packet sniffing

A

a method used by a cybercriminal to examine data packets being sent over a network and to find the contents of a data packet, which are sent back to the cybercriminal

24
Q

wardriving

A

using a laptop, antenna, GPS device and software to intercept Wi-Fi signals and illegally obtain data; sometimes called Access Point Mapping

25
Q

wired equivalency privacy (WEP) encryption protocol security

A

an algorithm for wireless networks to protect them against data interception

26
Q

denial of service (DoS) attack

A

a cyberattack in which cybercriminals seek to disrupt the normal operation of a website by flooding it with requests; also used to clog up a user’s mailbox by sending out thousands of spam emails

27
Q

distributed denial of service (DDoS) attack

A

a denial of service (DoS) attack in which the fake requests come from many different computers, which makes it harder to stop

28
Q

spam

A

unsolicited emails sent to a user’s mailbox

29
Q

hacking

A

the act of gaining illegal access to a computer system without the owner’s permission

30
Q

malware

A

programs (such as viruses, worms and Trojan horses) installed on a user’s computer with the aim of deleting, corrupting or manipulating data illegally

31
Q

virus

A

a program or program code that replicates itself with the intention of deleting or corrupting files or by causing the computer system to malfunction

32
Q

active host

A

functioning software that a virus can affect by attaching itself to the code or by altering the code to allow the virus to carry out its attack

33
Q

worm

A

a stand-alone type of malware that can self-replicate; unlike viruses, worms don’t need an active host; they can spread throughout a network without the need for any action by an end-user

34
Q

Trojan horse

A

a type of malware that is designed to look like legitimate software but contains malicious code that can cause damage to a computer system

35
Q

spyware

A

a type of malware that gathers information by monitoring a user’s activities on a computer and sends the gathered information back to the cybercriminal who sent out the spyware

36
Q

adware

A

a type of malware that attempts to flood the end-user with unwanted advertising

37
Q

ransomware

A

a type of malware that encrypts data on a user’s computer and ‘holds the data hostage’ until a ransom is paid

38
Q

phishing

A

sending out legitimate-looking emails designed to trick the recipients into giving their personal details to the sender of the email

39
Q

spear phishing

A

similar to phishing but targeting specific people or organisations rather than carrying out a blanket attack

40
Q

pharming

A

redirecting a user to a fake website in order to illegally obtain personal data about the user without their knowledge; unlike phishing, pharming is initiated without needing any action by the user

41
Q

DNS cache poisoning

A

altering IP addresses on a domain name server (DNS) with the intention of redirecting a user’s browser to a fake website; carried out by a pharmer (see pharming) or hacker (see hacking)

42
Q

social engineering

A

manipulating people into breaking normal security procedures (such as giving away their password) in order to gain illegal access to computer systems or to place malware on their computer

43
Q

access levels

A

different levels of access in a computer system allowing a hierarchy of access levels depending on user’s level of security

44
Q

anti-spyware

A

software that detects and removes spyware programs installed on a system; the software is based on typical spyware rules or known file structures

45
Q

authentication

A

the process of proving a user’s identity by using something they know, something they have or something unique to them

46
Q

biometrics

A

type of authentication that uses a unique human characteristic, such as fingerprints, voice or retina blood vessel pattern

47
Q

two-step verification

A

a type of authentication that requires two methods of verification to prove the identity of a user

48
Q

patch

A

an update for software that is developed to improve the software and/or to remove any bugs

49
Q

typo squatting

A

the use by cybercriminals of subtle spelling errors in website addresses used to trick users into visiting their fake websites

50
Q

firewall

A

software or hardware that sits between a computer and an external network (for example, the internet); the firewall monitors and filters all incoming and outgoing traffic

51
Q

proxy server

A

a server that acts as an intermediary server through which internet requests are processed; it often makes use of cache memory to speed up web page access

52
Q

privacy settings

A

controls available on social networking and other websites which allow users to limit who can access their profile or what they are allowed to see

53
Q

secure sockets layer (SSL)

A

a security protocol used when sending data over a network (such as the internet)

54
Q

SSL certificate

A

a form of digital certificate which is used to authenticate a website; providing the SSL certificate can be authenticated, any communication or data exchange between browser and website is secure

IGCSE Computer Science (4 decks)

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