5. Self Identity and Group Identity Flashcards
People are defined by their personal and social identities. What is the ADRESSING framework of identity?
personal identity -> funny, smart, caring
social identity –> race, profession, religon
A - age D - disability status R - religion E - ethnicity or race S - sexual orientation (heterosexual, bisexual) S - socioeconomic status I - indigenous background N - nationality G - gender (male / female)
What is the self-reference effect?
The self-reference effect is the tendency to better remember information that is relevant to yourself, particularly information that aligns with your self concept.
if you think you are smart but do poorly on a test: the information will be externalized (unfair test). If they do well, they attribute the score to their intelligence.
Explain Carl Rogers ideal self verses real self.
ideal self - who you ought to be. What you strive to be.
real self - who you actually are
when these are the same, you have a positive self-concept. When they are not, you may feel incongruity
Explain self concept, self efficacy, and self esteem.
self concept - your general understanding of who you are as a person
self efficacy - your believe in your ability to perform a task
self esteem - your generalized attitude about yourself, as an assessment of your own self worth.
High self-efficacy in tasks you value will boost self-esteem.
What is Charles Cooley’s idea of the looking-glass self?
Charles Cooley created the concept of the looking-glass self which explains that people alter their own self concept based on how they believe others perceive them.
Herbert Mead founded social behaviorism, the idea that the mind and self emerge through social communication. What is symbolic interactionism and the generalized other.
symbolic interactionism: this theory explains the idea that people use symbols to interact with each other, and other peoples symbols shape our own behavior. We manipulate the environment and the environment manipulates us.
The generalized other is the concept of the general expectations we are under given by society. In symbolic interactionism, it is how others perceive us in general.
What is socialization?
Socialization is the process by which people learn to become proficient and functional members of society. Socialization allows cultural preservation.
Explain formal norms, informal norms, mores, folkways, and taboo behaviors.
formal norms = something written and enforced
informal norms = something not writtent but generally followed
mores = something highly valued by society and usuallly enforced
folkways = less important norms that shape everyday behavior
taboo behaviors = condemned behaviors.
typically informal = folkway, formal = mores, but not always (e.g. J walking)
What is anomie? When does it occur?
anomie is a state of normlessness or situations where there is a lack of guidelines in relation to norms and values.
Societal norms hold societies together and maintain order. Societies that have less interpersonal bonding or sense of community often lack social cohesion and experience anomie.
Deviance: Explain the differential association theory.
The differential association theory explains that deviance is just a learned behavior. When someone grows up in an environment that condones deviant behavior they accommodate deviant beliefs and behaviors into their schemas.
This reduces individuals to products of their environment
Deviance: Explain labeling theory and the self-fulfilling prophecy.
Labeling theory explains that when people are labeled as deviant they are more likely to follow the expectation people have given them.
The self-fulfilling prophecy occurs when someone internalizes other peoples beliefs about them and allow it to redefine them.
Deviance: Explain structural strain theory.
The structural strain theory explains that the norms of society are not conducive for certain groups to attain socioeconomic success. Thus, in order to be successful, people need to turn to deviant behaviors.
In a sense, structural strain theory explains that people become deviant in response to anomie (i.e. common goals do not match means to obtain those goals).
t or f, collective behavior occurs when there is a loss of the individual and independence in exchange for a sense of the group.
true, collective behaviors are transient and occur in spontaneous situations.
Collective behaviors, explain crowds. Are there different kinds?
Crowds are defined as a group with a common purpose. Often crowds experience moments of a loss of rational thought, but not always.
acting crowd - protestors
casual crowd - people in a line up
conventional crowd - football fans
expressive crowd - funeral attenders
Collective behavior: explain panic.
panic - fear escalates to a point where it dominates thinking (hysteria). This is classic for crowds under threat.
Collective behavior: Explain publics, masses, and social movements.
publics = a group of individuals discussing a particular issue (sharing of ideas)
masses = a group whose formation is prompted through the efforts of mass media.
social movements = group action to foster change. Active movement (social change) or expressive movement (individual change)
What are agents of socialization?
Social forces that influence our lives and development of culture. These are what teaches us societal norms.
family, peers, school, work, religion (government), mass media
Explain assimilation, amalgamation and multi-culturalism.
assimilation –> one culture is forced to integrate into another. A + B –> B. The minority group often makes sacrifices such as giving up language or religion.
Amalgamation –> two or more cultures come together to form a new culture
A + B –> C
multi-culturalism –> A + B –> A + B
Kholberg’s stages of moral development explain a pre-conventional level, a conventional level, and a post-conventional level. Explain the 6 stages of moral development.
pre-conventional level: (1) Obedience and punishment: children focus on consequences (2) self-interest stage: individuals focus on behaviors that are in their best interest.
conventional level: (3) Interpersonal accord: people try to live up to others expectations (4) Authority and maintenance of social order: people feel a duty to uphold laws and rules beyond what is just expected of them
post-conventional: (5) social contract: individuals see laes as social contracts which are labile (6) universal ethics : morals are based on abstract reasoning.
t or f, most adults do not pass the authority and social maintenance stage of Kohlberg’s moral development.
true, most people stop at stage 4
