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General Biology I > 5 - Proteins, Nucleic Acids and Protein Synthesis > Flashcards

5 - Proteins, Nucleic Acids and Protein Synthesis Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the 8 types of proteins?

A

1) enzymatic proteins
2) defensive proteins
3) storage proteins
4) transport proteins
5) hormonal proteins
6) receptor proteins
7) contractile and motor proteins
8) structural proteins

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2
Q

What is the function of enzymatic proteins?

A

selective acceleration of chemical reactions

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3
Q

What is the function of defensive proteins?

A

protection against disease

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4
Q

What is the function of storage proteins?

A

Storage of amino acids

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5
Q

What is the function of transport proteins?

A

transport of substances

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6
Q

What is the function of hormonal proteins?

A

coordination of an organism’s activities

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7
Q

What is the function of receptor proteins?

A

response cell to chemical stimuli

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8
Q

What is the function of contractile and motor proteins?

A

movement

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9
Q

What is the function of structural proteins?

A

support

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10
Q

What is the monomer of proteins?

A

amino acids

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11
Q

What is the structure of proteins?

A

all contain amino group (nitrogen containing) and carboxyl group but differ in the R function group

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12
Q

What are the polymers of proteins?

A

dipeptides and polypeptides

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13
Q

How are polypeptide chains formed?

A

through dehydration synthesis reactions

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14
Q

What is the primary structural level of proteins?

A

specific sequence of amino acids in the chain

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15
Q

What is the secondary structural level of proteins?

A

folding and coiling sections of the chain

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16
Q

What is the tertiary structural level of proteins?

A

conformational (3D) shape of whole polypeptide chain

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17
Q

What is the quartenary structural level of proteins?

A

more than one polypeptide chain come together to form the protein

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18
Q

What is hemoglobin?

A

4 polypeptides join together in this arrangement to form hemoglobin protein which facilitates oxygen transport in the blood

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19
Q

What is collagen?

A

3 coiled polypeptides join together like a rope creating a strong protein fiber found in connective tissue

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20
Q

What is protein denaturation? What causes it?

A
  • when proteins unravel and lose their 3D structure becoming dysfunction
  • caused by heat or changes in salinity/pH
21
Q

What are the two kinds of nucleic acid?

A

DNA (Deoxyribonucleic Acid) and RNA (Ribonucleic Acid)

22
Q

What is the monomer of nucleic acids?

A

Nucleotide

23
Q

What are the polymers of nucleic acids?

A

dinucleotides and polynucleotides

24
Q

What are the 3 components of a nucleotide?

A

1) Sugar molecule
2) Phosphate molecule
3) Nitrogenous base

25
Q

What does the nitrogenous base make up?

A

genetic code

26
Q

What do the sugar and phosphate parts make up?

A

backbone of the DNA or RNA strand

27
Q

What are the differences between the structure of DNA and RNA?

A

DNA:
- Double stranded
- 2 long polynucleotide strands linked together by hydrogen bonds between their nitrogenous bases
RNA:
- Single stranded
- 1 long polynucleotide strand that twists around itself

28
Q

What are the 3 main functions of DNA?

A

1) Make up our genes, the instructions for making proteins, essential to the cell’s life
2) Replication and division of DNA occurs to make copies of our cells for growth and repair (mitosis)
3) Transmit genes to offspring (meiosis) making sperm and eggs

29
Q

Where is DNA found in eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells?

A

eukaryotic - nucleus
prokaryotic - free within the cytoplasm

30
Q

What are the 4 kinds of nitrogenous bases in DNA?

A

1) Adenine (A)
2) Thymine (T)
3) Cytosine (C)
4) Guanine (G)

31
Q

What is the one change in the nitrogenous bases of RNA from DNA?

A
  • Uracil (U) replaces Thymine (T)
32
Q

What is the main function of RNA?

A

protein synthesis

33
Q

What is the main function of RNA?

A

protein synthesis

34
Q

What does each gene hold the instructions to make?

A

1 to a few specific proteins

35
Q

What does gene expression determine?

A

our traits

36
Q

What does each gene on a chromosome code for and what does each one have?

A

a unique nucleotide sequence that codes for the building of a particular protein’s amino acid sequence

37
Q

What are the 2 distinct steps of protein synthesis?

A

1) Transcription – DNA –> RNA
- Making a copy of the instructions
2) Translation – RNA –> protein
- Making a protein from the copied instructions

38
Q

What is the language of proteins?

A

amino acid sequence

39
Q

What are the 3 steps of transcription?

A

1) Double strand separates at the site of the gene
2) Complementary mRNA strand is made using the nucleotide sequence of one of the DNA strands (template strand)
3) Completed mRNA strand leaves the nucleus and enters the cytoplasm

40
Q

What strand of DNA is transcribed?

A

template strand

41
Q

What does each sequence of 3 nitrogenous bases on a mRNA strand code for?

A

a particular amino acid

42
Q

What is a codon?

A

triplet of nitrogenous bases

43
Q

What happens during translation?

A
  • The mRNA strand is sandwiched between 2 halves of a ribosome starting at one end of its strand
  • Each codon on the mRA strand is translated in sequence
  • Transfer RNA (tRNA) deliver the correct amino acids to the ribosome to construct the polypeptide strand
44
Q

What is messenger RNA and what does it do?

A
  • RNA copy of a gene
  • Instructions followed in the cytoplasm to build the correct polypeptide sequence for specific proteins
45
Q

What is ribosomal RNA and what does it do?

A
  • RNA molecule that comes together with certain protein molecules to make up ribosomes
  • Site of protein synthesis in the cytoplasm
46
Q

What is transfer RNA and what does it do?

A
  • RNA molecule that assists with the translation of the nucleotide sequences of mRNA into amino acid sequences of proteins by providing the correct amino acids
47
Q

Only which type of RNA is translated into amino acid sequence? What do the other two types do?

A

mRNA, rRNA and tRNA facilitate the process of translation, but their sequence is not translated

48
Q

How do ribosomes aid in the process of protein synthesis?

A

Ribosomes facilitate the specific coupling tRNA anticodons with mRNA codons by holding tRNA and mRNA close together, enabling the addition of amino acids to the growing polypeptide chain

General Biology I (8 decks)

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