4 - Introduction to Organic Macromolecules - Carbs & Lipids

Question 1

What are the 4 kinds of organic macromolecules?

Answer 1

1) Carbohydrates
2) Lipids
3) Proteins
4) Nucleic acids

Question 2

What do all organic molecules have?

Answer 2

carbon skeleton

Question 3

What are properties of organic molecules determined by?

Answer 3

a) Arrangement of carbon skeleton
b) Functional groups that are attached to the carbon skeleton

Question 4

What will properties of an organic molecule change with?

Answer 4

• Length of carbon skeleton
• Degree of branching
• Presence of double bonds
• Presence of ring formations

Question 5

What are the two types of bond that atoms of elements are held together by?

Answer 5

covalent and hydrogen bonds

Question 6

What are the properties of covalent bonds?

Answer 6

• Very strong
• Hold atoms within a macromolecule together
• Electrons shared between two atoms

Question 7

What are the properties of hydrogen bonds?

Answer 7

• Weak attractions
• Form between or within some macromolecules when they have polar regions (partial charges)
• Occur between a hydrogen atom (partial positive charge) and a partial negatively charged atom, usually oxygen

Question 8

What macromolecule is the exception of being made of monomers?

Answer 8

lipids

Question 9

What is the monomer of carbohydrates?

Answer 9

monosaccharide

Question 10

What happens during a dehydration synthesis reaction?

Answer 10

covalent bond forms and water is released (building a polymer chain)

Question 11

What happens during hydrolysis or a decomposition reaction?

Answer 11

water is used up and a covalent bond is broken (breaking a polymer chain)

Question 12

What are the two main function of carbohydrates?

Answer 12

1) short term energy storage
2) structural components

Question 13

What is the ratio of carbon:hydrogen:oxygen in carbohydrates?

Answer 13

1:2:1

Question 14

What is glucose the end product of?

Answer 14

photosynthesis

Question 15

What is energy released from the breakdown of glucose used to make?

Answer 15

used to make ATP (during cellular respiration), a form of energy readily used for cellular work

Question 16

What is glucose used as?

Answer 16

used as energy source by most organisms

Question 17

Where is glucose found?

Answer 17

• Rarely found as a monosaccharide in food
• Found tied up in disaccharides such as lactose and sucrose and also polysaccharides like starch and glycogen

Question 18

What are the 5 monosaccharides? What are there primary functions

Answer 18

1) glucose - primary energy source, used to synthesize polymers
2) ribose - component of RNA backbone
3) deoxyribose - component of DNA backbone
4) fructose - sugar of fruits and vegetables
5) galactose - component of milk sugar

Question 19

What are the 3 disaccharides? What are they each composed of? What are their functions?

Answer 19

1) lactose (glucose+galactose) - milk sugar
2) sucrose (glucose+fructose) - table sugar
3) maltose (glucose+glucose) - brewing sugar, found in some grains

Question 20

What is a disaccharide?

Answer 20

2 monosaccharides bonded together

Question 21

How are disaccharides formed and broken?

Answer 21

formed by dehydration synthesis and broken by hydrolysis

Question 22

What are the 4 main polysaccharides?

Answer 22

1) starch
2) glycogen
3) cellulose
4) chitin

Question 23

What is the main function of starch?

Answer 23

energy storage in plants

Question 24

Where is starch found in large concentration in?

Answer 24

• Seeds – starch stored as an energy source for the developing embryo
• Tubers (enlargement of root or stem) – starch stored to provide energy for plant growth

Question 25

What is the main function of glycogen?

Answer 25

energy storage in animals

Question 26

What does cellulose make?

Answer 26

extremely tough fibres that make up plant cell walls

Question 27

What is the main function of cellulose?

Answer 27

structural material for plants

Question 28

What is a distinctive property of chitin?

Answer 28

strength

Question 29

What is the main function of chitin?

Answer 29

structural material for arthropods and fungi

Question 30

In what substance is a lipid soluble and insoluble?

Answer 30

insoluble in water, soluble in other lipids

Question 31

What macromolecule is not a polymer?

Answer 31

lipid

Question 32

What are lipids made up of?

Answer 32

carbon, hydrogen and oxygen

Question 33

What are the functions of a lipid?

Answer 33

1) long term storage of energy 2) insulation and protection 3) floatation 4) plasma membrane structural component 5) hormones and pigments

Question 34

What are the 5 types of lipids?

Answer 34

1) triglycerides 2) phospholipids 3) steroids 4) waxes 5) cartenoids

Question 35

What are the functions of triglycerides?

Answer 35

- long term energy storage (animals and plants) - insulation and protection of organs - floatation

Question 36

What is the structure of triglyceride like?

Answer 36

glycerol+3 fatty acid chains

Question 37

What are the properties of triglycerides?

Answer 37

- hydrophobic - not soluble in water - can be liquid or solid at room temp

Question 38

What state of matter are saturated fatty acids at room temperature? Why?

Answer 38

- Solid at room temperature - No double bonds create a very straight chain fatty acid molecule - Add many of them together and they can stack neatly and be very close to each other

Question 39

What state of matter are unsaturated fatty acids at room temperature? Why?

Answer 39

- Liquid at room temperature - Every double bond creates a kink in the molecule - The more kinks (double bonds) there are the harder it is for many of the molecules to stack close together

Question 40

What is the function of phospholipids?

Answer 40

main structural component of cell membranes

Question 41

What is the structure of phospholipids?

Answer 41

hydrophilic head (glycerol+phosphate group+ + 2 hydrophobic tails (fatty acid chains)

Question 42

What's the difference between hydrophobic and hydrophilic?

Answer 42

Hydrophobic - repels from water Hydrophilic - likes water

Question 43

How do phospholipids self orient?

Answer 43

Into a double layer as the hydrophobic tails attract to one another

Question 44

What do phospholipid bilayers create?

Answer 44

compartments such as plasma membrane of cells as well as membranes around organelles within cells

Question 45

What are steroids characterized by?

Answer 45

having 4 right structures joined together

Question 46

What are the 3 main functions of steroids?

Answer 46

- Structural component of cell membranes. - chemical messengers (hormones) - Used to make Vitamin D and bile

Question 47

What are the main functions of waxes?

Answer 47

protection, waterproofing and/or prevention of water loss

Question 48

What are the main functions of waxes?

Answer 48

protection, waterproofing and/or prevention of water loss

Question 49

What are carotenoids?

Answer 49

Yellow/orange pigments synthesized by plants and found in most living organisms

Question 50

What process are carotenoids involved in in plants and algae?

Answer 50

photosynthesis