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General Biology I > 4 - Introduction to Organic Macromolecules - Carbs & Lipids > Flashcards

4 - Introduction to Organic Macromolecules - Carbs & Lipids Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the 4 kinds of organic macromolecules?

A

1) Carbohydrates
2) Lipids
3) Proteins
4) Nucleic acids

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2
Q

What do all organic molecules have?

A

carbon skeleton

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3
Q

What are properties of organic molecules determined by?

A

a) Arrangement of carbon skeleton
b) Functional groups that are attached to the carbon skeleton

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4
Q

What will properties of an organic molecule change with?

A
  • Length of carbon skeleton
  • Degree of branching
  • Presence of double bonds
  • Presence of ring formations
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5
Q

What are the two types of bond that atoms of elements are held together by?

A

covalent and hydrogen bonds

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6
Q

What are the properties of covalent bonds?

A
  • Very strong
  • Hold atoms within a macromolecule together
  • Electrons shared between two atoms
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7
Q

What are the properties of hydrogen bonds?

A
  • Weak attractions
  • Form between or within some macromolecules when they have polar regions (partial charges)
  • Occur between a hydrogen atom (partial positive charge) and a partial negatively charged atom, usually oxygen
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8
Q

What macromolecule is the exception of being made of monomers?

A

lipids

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9
Q

What is the monomer of carbohydrates?

A

monosaccharide

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10
Q

What happens during a dehydration synthesis reaction?

A

covalent bond forms and water is released (building a polymer chain)

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11
Q

What happens during hydrolysis or a decomposition reaction?

A

water is used up and a covalent bond is broken (breaking a polymer chain)

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12
Q

What are the two main function of carbohydrates?

A

1) short term energy storage
2) structural components

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13
Q

What is the ratio of carbon:hydrogen:oxygen in carbohydrates?

A

1:2:1

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14
Q

What is glucose the end product of?

A

photosynthesis

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15
Q

What is energy released from the breakdown of glucose used to make?

A

used to make ATP (during cellular respiration), a form of energy readily used for cellular work

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16
Q

What is glucose used as?

A

used as energy source by most organisms

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17
Q

Where is glucose found?

A
  • Rarely found as a monosaccharide in food
  • Found tied up in disaccharides such as lactose and sucrose and also polysaccharides like starch and glycogen
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18
Q

What are the 5 monosaccharides? What are there primary functions

A

1) glucose - primary energy source, used to synthesize polymers
2) ribose - component of RNA backbone
3) deoxyribose - component of DNA backbone
4) fructose - sugar of fruits and vegetables
5) galactose - component of milk sugar

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19
Q

What are the 3 disaccharides? What are they each composed of? What are their functions?

A

1) lactose (glucose+galactose) - milk sugar
2) sucrose (glucose+fructose) - table sugar
3) maltose (glucose+glucose) - brewing sugar, found in some grains

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20
Q

What is a disaccharide?

A

2 monosaccharides bonded together

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21
Q

How are disaccharides formed and broken?

A

formed by dehydration synthesis and broken by hydrolysis

22
Q

What are the 4 main polysaccharides?

A

1) starch
2) glycogen
3) cellulose
4) chitin

23
Q

What is the main function of starch?

A

energy storage in plants

24
Q

Where is starch found in large concentration in?

A
  • Seeds – starch stored as an energy source for the developing embryo
  • Tubers (enlargement of root or stem) – starch stored to provide energy for plant growth
25
Q

What is the main function of glycogen?

A

energy storage in animals

26
Q

What does cellulose make?

A

extremely tough fibres that make up plant cell walls

27
Q

What is the main function of cellulose?

A

structural material for plants

28
Q

What is a distinctive property of chitin?

A

strength

29
Q

What is the main function of chitin?

A

structural material for arthropods and fungi

30
Q

In what substance is a lipid soluble and insoluble?

A

insoluble in water, soluble in other lipids

31
Q

What macromolecule is not a polymer?

A

lipid

32
Q

What are lipids made up of?

A

carbon, hydrogen and oxygen

33
Q

What are the functions of a lipid?

A

1) long term storage of energy
2) insulation and protection
3) floatation
4) plasma membrane structural component
5) hormones and pigments

34
Q

What are the 5 types of lipids?

A

1) triglycerides
2) phospholipids
3) steroids
4) waxes
5) cartenoids

35
Q

What are the functions of triglycerides?

A
  • long term energy storage (animals and plants)
  • insulation and protection of organs
  • floatation
36
Q

What is the structure of triglyceride like?

A

glycerol+3 fatty acid chains

37
Q

What are the properties of triglycerides?

A
  • hydrophobic - not soluble in water
  • can be liquid or solid at room temp
38
Q

What state of matter are saturated fatty acids at room temperature? Why?

A
  • Solid at room temperature
  • No double bonds create a very straight chain fatty acid molecule
  • Add many of them together and they can stack neatly and be very close to each other
39
Q

What state of matter are unsaturated fatty acids at room temperature? Why?

A
  • Liquid at room temperature
  • Every double bond creates a kink in the molecule
  • The more kinks (double bonds) there are the harder it is for many of the molecules to stack close together
40
Q

What is the function of phospholipids?

A

main structural component of cell membranes

41
Q

What is the structure of phospholipids?

A

hydrophilic head (glycerol+phosphate group+ + 2 hydrophobic tails (fatty acid chains)

42
Q

What’s the difference between hydrophobic and hydrophilic?

A

Hydrophobic - repels from water
Hydrophilic - likes water

43
Q

How do phospholipids self orient?

A

Into a double layer as the hydrophobic tails attract to one another

44
Q

What do phospholipid bilayers create?

A

compartments such as plasma membrane of cells as well as membranes around organelles within cells

45
Q

What are steroids characterized by?

A

having 4 right structures joined together

46
Q

What are the 3 main functions of steroids?

A
  • Structural component of cell membranes.
  • chemical messengers (hormones)
  • Used to make Vitamin D and bile
47
Q

What are the main functions of waxes?

A

protection, waterproofing and/or prevention of water loss

48
Q

What are the main functions of waxes?

A

protection, waterproofing and/or prevention of water loss

49
Q

What are carotenoids?

A

Yellow/orange pigments synthesized by plants and found in most living organisms

50
Q

What process are carotenoids involved in in plants and algae?

A

photosynthesis

General Biology I (8 decks)

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