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Year 12 Biology > 5. Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration > Flashcards

5. Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration Flashcards

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1
Q

What is photosynthesis

A

The process in which green plants trap light energy and transform it into chemical energy.

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2
Q

Photosynthesis equation

A

6CO2 + 12H2O ➡️ (light energy and chlorophyll) C6H12O6 + 6O2 + 6H2O

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3
Q

Define thylakoids

A

Membranous fluid filled flattened discs in the chloroplast envelope

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4
Q

Define grana

A

Thylakoids that are joined into stacks

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5
Q

Define chlorophyll

A

Light trapping pigment which is embedded in the thylakoids membranes

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6
Q

Define stroma

A

Fluid inside the chloroplast that bathes the grana

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7
Q

What do accessory pigments do?

A

They absorb wavelengths of light that cannot be absorbed by chlorophyll a and b and pass on the energy to chlorophyll

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8
Q

What does light dependent reaction involve

A

Trapping of sunlight energy by chlorophyll and converting it to chemical energy

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9
Q

Where does light dependent reaction take place?

A

Thylakoids of the chloroplast

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10
Q

What is the process of light dependent reaction?

A
  • When light energy strikes chlorophyll molecule it excites an electron which leaves chlorophyll and enters electron transport chain.
  • Absorption of light energy also splits water molecules and electrons from the water replace electrons removed from the chlorophyll
  • Oxygen produced from splitting of water is waste product and releases to outside environment or environment within the cytosol, used during cellular respiration
  • Electrons move along the electron transport chain, lose their energy to produce ATP from ADP + Pi
  • Electrons and a H+ transferred to NADP to produce NADPH which carries H+ to next stage of photosynthesis. NADP+ terminal electron acceptor
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11
Q

Where does light independent reaction take place?

A

Stroma of the chloroplasts

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12
Q

Inputs and outputs of light dependent reaction?

A

Inputs: light NADP h2O ADP + Pi

Outputs: NADPH O2 and ATP

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13
Q

What does light independent reaction involve?

A

The ATP formed in the light independent reaction is used as a source of energy in reaction that combines carbon dioxide and hydrogen to form glucose and water

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14
Q

What role does NADPH play in light independent reaction?

A

Source of energised elections and reducing power that reduce carbon dioxide and build it into glucose.

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15
Q

What are the three stages of Calvin cycle?

A

Carbon fixation
Reduction
Regeneration

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16
Q

Calvin cycle stages

A
  • Input of carbon dioxide results in an output of glucose.
  • Enzymes (RUBISCO) are involved in this reaction.
  • Reduction of carbon dioxide using NADPH and ATP from light dependent reaction.
  • Carbon reduction reactions begin with calvin cycle. The carbon dioxide together with H+ ions from light dependent stage become part of a 3 carbon compound, glyceraldehyde 3 phosphate (G3P)
  • Reaction referred to as carbon dioxide fixation because carbon is secured in an organic compound.
  • The G3P compound produced in the calvin cycle is the starting point of production of many other compounds such as glucose.
17
Q

Inputs and outputs of Light independent reaction

A

Inputs: carbon dioxide, ATP, NADPH
Outputs: ADP + Pi, NADP, glucose

18
Q

What external factors affect the rate of photosynthesis?

A 
Intensity of radiant light
Ambient temperature
Concentration of CO2 
Humidity 
Colour of light
19
Q

What internal factor affect the rate of photosynthesis?

A

Chlorophyll content of the leaves
Surface area of leaves
Enzyme concentration

20
Q

What is a limiting factor?

A

Light intensity, temperature and availability of carbon dioxide interact and could be a limiting factor
When the supply of the factor is in short supply such that it restricts the rate of photosynthesis

21
Q

What is the purpose of cellular respiration?

A

To transfer the chemical energy stored in glucose into the chemical energy of ATP for use by cells for staying alive

22
Q

What happens when a cell requires energy?

A

Endergonic reaction
Bonds attaching the last phosphate group in ATP are broken releasing stored energy
ADP is formed. ATPase is required for this reaction to proceed

Atp➡️(energy and ATPase) ADP + Pi

23
Q

What happens in EXERGONIC reactions?

A

🔹Free energy from EXERGONIC reactions can be used to add a phosphate group to ADP from ATP
🔹ATP synthase is enzyme required for this
🔹process of phosphorylation addition of a phosphate group to an organic molecule
🔹ADP + Pi ➡️ (energy and ATP synthase) ATP

24
Q

What is the chemical reaction for cellular respiration?

A

🔹 c6H12o6 + 6O2 ➡️ (36 ADP + 36Pi -> 36 ATP) 6CO2 + 6H2O + heat energy

25
Q

What are the parts of the mitochondria?

A

🔹 cristae, each mitochondria has highly folded inner membrane
🔹 matrix is the fluid filled material containing DNA and ribosome

26
Q

What is the process of glycolysis?

A

🔹 one molecule of glucose, a C6 molecule is broken down into two C3 compound, pyruvate
🔹 the electrons from hydrogen atoms in glucose are collected by acceptor molecules such as NAD+ and when acceptor molecules are carrying hydrogen they are loaded, NADH
🔹 produces two ATP molecules per glucose

27
Q

Where does glycolysis occur?

A

🔹 in the cytosol

28
Q

Where does Krebs cycle occur?

A

Matrix of the mitochondria

29
Q

What’s the process of Krebs cycle?

A

🔹 pyruvate (3C) produced in glycolysis passes into mitochondrion where it’s broken down into two carbon fragments to form intermediate acetyl coenzyme A
🔹 co2 is released and H+ are gathered by acceptor molecule to produce NADH.
🔹 as the cycle proceeds acceptor molecules NAD+ and FAD become loaded with H+ and electrons to form NADH and FADH2.

30
Q

What is the yield of Krebs cycle?

A

🔹 each pyruvate molecule, 3 Co2 molecules are released and for 2 pyruvate molecule, 6 Co2 produced
🔹 2 ATP molecules are produced from two pyruvate molecules
🔹 for each glucose molecule 6 carbon dioxide molecules are produced and the Krebs cycle must complete 2 circuits to break down two pyruvate molecules

31
Q

Where does electron transport chain occur?

A

In the cristae of the mitochondria

32
Q

What happens in the electron transport chain?

A

🔹 loaded acceptor molecules (NADH and FADH2) produced during glycolysis and Krebs cycle transfer electrons from one cytochrome to another and then finally to oxygen, which combines with hydrogen to form water.
🔹 electron transport releases energy which drives production of32 ATP

33
Q

Inputs and output of aerobic respiration

A

🔹 glycolysis INPUT: glucose, 2 NAD+, ADP + Pi
OUTPUT: 2 pyruvate, 2 NADH, 2ATP
🔹 Krebs cycle INPUT: 2 pyruvate, 8 NAD, 2 FAD2-, ADP + Pi
OUTPUT: 6CO2, 8NADH, 2FADH2, 2ATP
🔹 Electron transport chain INPUTS: 6O2, 2FADH2, 10NADH, ADP + Pi
OUTPUT: 6H2O, 2FAD, 10NAD+, 32ATP

34
Q

Where does anaerobic respiration occur?

A

Cytosol

35
Q

What are the limiting factors for aerobic respiration?

A 
Oxygen
Glucose
Concentration of enzymes involved in the reactions
Temperature and ph
Available of unloaded acceptors

Year 12 Biology (13 decks)

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