11. Changes In Biodiversity Over Time Flashcards
Define evolution
The gradual adaptive change over geological time, in the composition of populations from ancestral species to new species
Micro evolution
Small scale changes within a gene pool of a population of a species over time
Macro evolution
Large scale changes involving species and a genera over time. New species evolve whilst others become extinct
How old is the earth
4500 million years old
Define stratigraphy
Technique used, where the relative age of a fossil can be determined by the position of that stratum
What is stratification
Process of formation of layers in sedimentation rock
What does the principle of superposition state?
older layers of rock are at the bottom of a sequence of strata and are overlain by progressively younger layers
How does stratigraphy give a relative age?
this method of dating rocks gives the relative are of a rock layer (stratum) compared to other layers. For rock layers or strata, the oldest stratum is found at the bottom and the youngest at the top
What are index fossils
Fossils of species that existed during limited periods of geologic time, and are only found in restricted depth of sedimentary rock strata and thus are used as guides to the age of the rocks in which they are preserved..
-Presence of index fossils in rock strata from different parts of the world will be deemed to have the same age
What are the best index fossils
- Abundant
- Distinct from other flora or fauna
- Geographically widespread
- Found in many kinds of rocks
- Narrow in stratigraphic range
Radiometric dating
Technique in which the actual age of the fossils and rocks is expressed in years
How does radiometric dating work
Elements, known as parents contain radioactive isotopes that spontaneously decay (breakdown) to form stable daughter products
-The time of decay for each isotope is specific and the half life is the time taken for half the original radioactive isotope to decay
Carbon 14
Nitrogen 14
Uranium 235
Lead 207
Potassium 40
Argon 40 used to date rocks 3 million years old
Rubidium 87
Strontium 87
Half life carbon 14
5,730 years. Time taken for half the amount to decay to nitrogen 14