(5) Pediatrics-Immunizations, Common Illnesses Flashcards
Two main benefits of vaccination
Individual immunity
Herd immunity
When are most vaccines administered?
B/w 0 and 18 months
When is the rotavirus vaccine contraindicated?
Immune compromised pts
When is the influenza virus contraindicated?
Pregnancy
Immune compromised
HIV infection
Asthma w/ wheezing
CSF leak/cochlear implants
Asplenia
Very young, very old pts
When are the MMR and varicella vaccines contraindicated?
Pregnancy
Immune compromised
HIV infection <15% CD4 count
What are the main vaccine types?
- Vaccines containing sub-unit Ag or inactive toxins
- Conjugated vaccines
- Live attenuated vaccines
- Inactive organism killed via thermal/chemical means w/ retained immunogenicity
AKA
- Toxoid vaccines
- Conjugated vaccines
- Live-attenuated vaccines
- Inactivated vaccines
What are conjugated vaccines?
Bacterial polysaccharides conjugated to carrier ptns to strengthen immune response in children => Trigger T-cell dependent immunity to polysaccharides
When are live attenuated vaccines contraindicated?
Immune compromised pt
If pt has received blood products in recent past (up to 11 months)
What vaccines are administered as conjugate vaccines?
Meningococcal
Pneumococcal
Haemophilus Influenzae B
What vaccines are administered as nonconjugate, inactivated vaccines?
Hepatitis A
Pertussis
Polio - injectable
Human papillomavirus
What vaccines are adminstered as live, attenuated vaccines?
MMR
Varicella
Rotavirus
Influenza (nasal spray)
Zoster (shingles)
Polio - oral
Diphtheria and tetanus are administered as what kind of vaccine?
Toxoid
How frequently is the influenza virus administered?
Yearly
6mo - 9 yrs: 2 doses separated by at least 28 days
>9 yrs: 1 dose
When is quadrivalent conjugate meningococcal vaccine recommended to begin?
1st dose: 11-12 yrs old
2nd dose: 16-18 yrs old
What meningococcal strains do the quadrivalent conjugate vaccines protect against?
Meningococcal strains A/C/Y
W-135
When is the non-conjugate vaccine targeting meningococcal serogroup B recommended?
16 yrs old (definitely before starting college)
Pneumococcal vaccine is important in protecting against what?
Strep pneumoniae => respiratory tract disease (PNA, otitis media, sinusitis), bacteremia, meningitis
When is the conjugate pneumococcal vaccine administered?
2, 4, 6, 12-15 months of age (healthy kids)
What populations would receive the non-conjugate pneumococcal vaccine?
High risk pts: chronic lung, cardiac, renal, hepatic disease, diabetes, immune compromised
>24 months old
When is Haemophilus Influenza-B administered?
2, 4, 6, 12-15 months
What is the Hib capsular antigen conjugated to?
Tetanus or Neisseria meningitidis-derived carrier ptn
What disease is a common cause of acute and chronic liver disease, hepatocellular carcinoma, and death?
Hepatitis B
When is the Hepatitis B vaccine administered?
Birth (infection in newborns results in chronic carrier state and risk of later development)
1-2 months
6 months
When is the Hepatitis A vaccine administered?
12 months
18-30 months
What disease is also known as acute membranous pharyngitis? What can this place pts at risk for?
Diphtheria
Risk for respiratory obstruction
What disease is known as the 100 day cough?
Pertussis (whooping cough)
When are pertussis boosters recommended?
7 years old
Adulthood
When is the DTaP vaccine administered?
2, 4, 6 months
15-18 months
4-6 years
Tdap at 7 yrs old, Td every 10 years
What is the risk of administering live attenuated polio virus?
Vaccine-associated paralytic poliomyelitis with live attenuated vaccine
Small risk of transmission of vaccine virus to unimmunized or immunocompromised household contacts w/ live virus
When is the inactivated polio virus administered in the US?
2, 4, 6-18 months, 4-6 yrs
What are the 2 strains of HPV that the vaccines protect against? When are the vaccines recommended?
Type 16 and 18
Recommended at 11-12 yrs old
When is the MMR vaccines administered?
12 months and 4-6 yrs old
What does the rotavirus vaccine prevent?
Acute diarrheal disease in healthy infants
When is the rotavirus vaccine administered
2-3 dose schedule
2, 4, 6 months of age
(1st dose should not be administered after 14 weeks and 6 days of age)
What is the risk of administering the rotavirus vaccine?
Intussusception (inflammation in gut mucosa => intestine telescopes on itself)
Can people with egg allergy be vaccinated?
Yes (do it in the doctor’s office with epinephrine)
What are the 4 MYTHS of vaccines?
- MMR causes autism
- People w/ egg allergy cannot get the flu vaccine
- The vaccines cause the disease
- Not getting immunizations decrease the overall lifetime risk for the child
***Likely a test question***
What vaccines are given to older children?
HPV
Meningococcal
Haemophilus Influenzae (Hib) is one of the leading causes of?
Bactermeia
Meningitis
Cellulitis
Epiglottitis
What does DTaP vaccine protect against?
Diptheria
Tetanus
Pertussis
