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Oral candidiasis > 5. Oral hyperplasia > Flashcards

5. Oral hyperplasia Flashcards

1
Q

What are labile cells?

A

Proliferate continuously through post-natal life.
Eg, bone marrow, epithelia of mouth, skin, gut, bladder.
Susceptible to toxic agents

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2
Q

What are stable cells?

A

Divide only infrequently but can be stimulated to divide when cells are lost.
Eg, bone, liver, renal tubular cells, fibroblasts in connective tissue

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3
Q

What are permanent cells?

A

Normally only divide in embryonic, fetal and maybe in early post natal life.
Have very limited ability to divide.
Eg, cardiac muscle cells, neurons, retinal photoreceptors

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4
Q

What types of cells are odontoblasts?

A

Permanent cells

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5
Q

What is the definition of aplasia?

A

No growth, lack of development of a tissue

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6
Q

What is the definition of hyperplasia/hypoplasia?

A

Increase/decrease in the number of cells in response to a stimulus

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7
Q

What is hyperplasia often secondary to?

A

Hormones and growth factors in tissues able to divide or that continue abundant stem cells.

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8
Q

What is physiologic example of hyperplasia?

A

Breast epithelium during pregnancy
Compensatory hyperplasia of liver

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9
Q

What is pathologic example of hyperplasia?

A

Epithelial hyperplasia in viral warts

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10
Q

What is hypoplasia?

A

Lack of development of tissue or organ

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11
Q

What is hypertrophy/atrophy?

A

Increase/decrease in the size of cells in response to a stimulus. Will often get additional intracellular structural components.

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12
Q

What is a pathologic example of hypertrophy?

A

When cells that cannot undergo cell division become larger, eg. myocardial fibres.

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13
Q

What is metaplasia?

A

Other growth- differentiation from one mature type into another mature type

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14
Q

How does metaplasia occur?

A

Occurs through altered differentiation pathways of tissue stem cells

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15
Q

What are examples of metaplasia?

A

In smokers, respiratory epithelium which is normally pseudostratified squamous epithelium with cilia and goblet cells turns into metaplasia squamous cell epithelium. You get loss of mucous secretion and ciliary action.

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16
Q

What is the definition of dysplasia?

A

Wrong growth or disturbance in the maturation of a tissue
Mitotic figures seen outside of the basal cell layer

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17
Q

What is atypia?

A

Refers to deviation in the morphology of cells

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18
Q

What is the definition of neoplasia?

A

An independent, uncoordinated new growth of tissue, capable of unlimited proliferation and which does not regress after removal of the stimulus which produced the lesion.

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19
Q

What is benign neoplasia?

A

Innocent behaviour, localised lesion, without spread, amenable to surgical resection

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20
Q

What is malignant neoplasia?

A

Aggressive behaviour, invasion and destruction of adjacent tissue, capacity for spread to distant sites (metastasis)

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21
Q

What does differentiation mean?

A

Extent to which cells resemble their ancestor

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22
Q

What does anaplasia mean?

A

Lack of differentiation of a tissue- characteristic of some tumour cells

23
Q

What is the definition of choristoma?

A

Normal tissue in the wrong location- ectopic

24
Q

What is fordyce spots?

A

Yellow, white spots that are sebaceous glands present in the submucosa of the oral cavity.
Sebaceous glands are typical of the skin.

25
Q

What is a chondroma?

A

Example of choristoma- eg, cartilage in the tongue

26
Q

What is an osteochondroma?

A

Example of choristoma- eg, cartilage and bone in the tongue

27
Q

What is osteoma of the tongue?

A

Example of choristoma, completely made of bone

28
Q

What is a hamartoma?

A

Abnormal amount of tissue in the right location.

29
Q

What are examples of hamartomas?

A

Odontoma
Haemangioma
Torus palatinus/torus mandibularis

30
Q

What is a teratoma?

A

Tumours containing tissue recognisable from more than one germ layer.
Originate from germ cells capable of differentiation into any one of the cell types in the body.
Comes from testes or ovaries

31
Q

What is an epulides?

A

Tumour like growth on the gum.
Hyperplastic

32
Q

What are the 3 true epulis?

A

Fibrous epulis, vascular epulis, giant cell epulis

33
Q

What does fibrous epulis clinically look like?

A

Wide range of ages- 11-40
Sessile or pedunculated
Firm, surface may be ulcerated
Might contain metaplastic bone
Colour of lesion is similar to rest of gingiva

34
Q

What is the treatment for fibrous epulis?

A

Surgical excision

35
Q

What is the histology of fibrous epulis?

A

Stratified squamous epithelium
Cellular fibroblastic tissue and bundles of collagen
May contain calcified deposits and metaplastic bone
Variable inflammatory infiltration

36
Q

What is another name for vascular epulis?

A

Pyogenic granuloma/pregnancy epulis

37
Q

What does vascular epulis clinically look like?

A

Soft
Deep red/purple swelling
Haemorrhage is common
Commonly ulcerated
May occur anytime during pregnancy, size may decrease after delivery

38
Q

What is the histology of vascular epulis?

A

Sheets of endothelial cells and angioblasts
Ulcerated surface
Proliferation of small vessels towards surface
Large, thin walled vascular spaces in deeper aspects
Variable inflammatory infiltration

39
Q

What is another name for giant cell epulis?

A

Peripheral giant cell granuloma

40
Q

What does giant cell epulis look like clinically?

A

Affects 30-40 year olds
2 times more likely to affect females
Anterior to molar teeth
Slightly more common in mandible
Pedunculated or sessile dark red mass

41
Q

Why is radiograph essential for giant cell epulis?

A

Histologically, central giant cell granuloma looks very similar to this. However, CGCG appears inside the jaw bone but it is possible that is is a central lesion that grew large in the jawbone and the tip showed through peripherally.

42
Q

What is the histology of a giant cell epulis?

A

Focal collection of multinucleated giant cells, separated by fibrous septa
Rich vascular and cellular stroma
Fibrous tissue may separate the core from covering epithelium

43
Q

What is another name for congenital epulis?

A

Congenital gingival granular cell tumour

44
Q

What is congenital epulis?

A

Rare neoplasm- not a hyperplasia
Affects newborns

45
Q

What is the histology of congenital epulis?

A

Large, closely packed granular cells covered by squamous epithelium
unknown origin, but not related to the granular cell tumour

46
Q

What does a fibroepithelial polyp look like clinically?

A

Mainly in cheeks (occlusal line), lips, tongue
Pedunculated or sessile
Pink, painless polypoid swelling
Leaf fibroma
Usually not ulcerated
Once established, no size change

47
Q

What is the histology of fibroepithelial polyp?

A

Stratified squamous epithelium
Little or no inflammatory reaction
Core of dense avascular and acellular fibrous tissue

48
Q

What is denture irritation hyperplasia?

A

Leaf like folds related to the periphery of an ill fitting denture
Usually firm, not very inflamed

49
Q

What is the histology of denture irritation hyperplasia?

A

A core of dense fibrous tissue containing small blood vessels
Covering epithelium may show hyperplasia or ulceration

50
Q

What is the tx for denture irritation hyperplasia?

A

Denture adjustment, surgical excision, new denture

51
Q

What is papillary hyperplasia of palate?

A

Numerous small papillary projections
May be associated with chronic erythematous candidosis
Red and oedematous mucosa
Perhaps due to trauma and rotation of ill fitting dentures

52
Q

What is the histology of papillary hyperplasia?

A

Hyperplastic granulation tissue
Chronic inflammation
Hyperplastic covering epithelium, keratin pearls

53
Q

What is gingival fibromatosis?

A

Hereditary autosomal dominant condition
Associated with hypertrichosis, epilepsy, mental retardation

Oral candidiasis (18 decks)

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