5: neurobio of normal aging 3

Question 1

lipofuscin: what? represents?

Answer 1

mixture of lipids and proteins that accumulate as brown pigment in some neurons with age. represents failure of neurons to eliminate products of peroxidation induced cell damage

Question 2

lipofuscin: appears as? found where?

Answer 2

membrane bound aggregates of granular osmiophilic materials. found in various neuronal populations including cerebral cortex and hippocampus

Question 3

lewy bodies: found in who? where?= (3)?

Answer 3

in normal elderly individuals. also in dementia. particularly in substantia nigra, locus coeruleus, cortex.

Question 4

lewy bodies composed of?

Answer 4

a core of osmiophilic granular filamentous materials + peripheral halo of radially oriented filamentous materials

Question 5

granulovacular degeneration: what? represent? where? contains?

Answer 5

intracytoplasmic vacuoles. represent degnerative process. hippocampal neurons. proteins like ubiquitin, tau, tubulin, neurofilaments

Question 6

hirano bodies: what? where? made of?

Answer 6

rod shaped structures, hippocampal pyramidal neurons. microfilament proteins like actin, tropomyosin, vinculin

Question 7

marinesco bodies: what? where (2)?

Answer 7

intranuclear inclusions. substantia nigra, locus coeruleus.

Question 8

marinesco bodies: appear as? how do they change with age?

Answer 8

unbound aggregates of fine osmiophilic granular materials. number but not size increase with age.

Question 9

neuropil threads: what? made of? where?

Answer 9

thread like structure in neuropil of grey matter. contain PHF-tau protein. restricted to entorhinal cortex, hippocampus, amygdala.

Question 10

amyloid angiopathy: what and where

Answer 10

extracellular deposition of AB peptides in arteries and arterioles of cerebral vessels, primarly in cortex. veins less affected.

Question 11

glia: what happens with age for astrocytes + microglia?

Answer 11

astrocytes and microglia are activated, but numbers don’t change with age

Question 12

oligodendrocytes and age?

Answer 12

develop swelling along their processes, which possibly contain broken myelin sheaths

Question 13

caloric restriction and glia?

Answer 13

reported to attenuate glial activation during aging aka slows down glia changes

Question 14

ex of anti-aging drug

Answer 14

reversatrol, rapamycin

Question 15

reversatrol: what? found where?

Answer 15

small polyphenolic compound. grapes, plums, peanuts, red wintes

Question 16

reversatrol and aging?

Answer 16

increases life-span of several non-mammal species. confers protection against a variety of aging related neurodegen. disorders, cancers, cardiovasc. diseases

Question 17

reversatrol: biological activies mediated by? main activity? another target of reversatrol?

Answer 17

members of sirtuin family of protein deacetylases. antioxidant activity, reduces age related oxidative change. AMPK.

Question 18

rapamycin: made by? effects?

Answer 18

bacteria. immunosupressant, extends life span in yeast/flies/mice. treating in middle age = mice appear to improve. attenuates neurodegen pathology, other diseases like obesity and atherosclerosis

Question 19

rapamycin mediates effects by?

Answer 19

inhibiting mTOR (mammalian target of rapamycin) pathway, which stimulates autophagy mediated clearance of damaged proteins. influences ribosomal biogenesis, glycolysis, mitochondrial activity and lipid biosynthesis

Question 20

other natural/supplements, etc. for anti-aging?

Answer 20

anti-oxidants, vitamines, hormones: chondroitin sulfat, DHEA, garlic, ginko biloba, ginseng, glucosamine, GH, melatonin, omega-3, shark cartilage

Question 21

physical activity: health benefits?

Answer 21

lower HR + BP, lower LDL, higher HDL cholesterol, lower incidence of AD + PD. increase mean life span but not maximum life span