5. Memory Processing

Question 1

Milner et al

Answer 1

1960

WM is an active storage and manipulation process

Question 2

Baddely

Answer 2

2003

3 component model

Phonological loop, visuo spatial sketchpad etc

Question 3

Verbal short term memory

Answer 3

Left ventrolateral PFC (BA45/47) - semantics

Close to Broca’s area BA44 (phonological processing)

Wernickes area BA22 (semantics)

Inferior parietal cortex BA40 ( phonological WM, more active in new or non words)

Question 4

Milner and Goodale

Answer 4

1992

2 streams of processing
Dorsal- parietal = where
Ventral- temporal = what

Very similar to attention
Tested via TMS stimulation, showing increased RT for spatial and object tasks respectively

Question 5

Evidence for spatial WM

Answer 5

Gnadt and Anderson 1988
PPC remained active even after removal of stimulus in a memory guided saccades task

Oyachi and otsuka 1994
Right Ppc More important in spatial tasks as RT is more effected by TMS than left side

Question 6

Courtney et al

Answer 6

1998

Parietal and temporal areas involved in where and what are more active during the stimulus

PFC is more active in the delay

Again similar to attention

Question 7

Explicit LTM

Answer 7

Semantic and episodic

Hippocampus and amygdala more involved

Amygdala mediates the hippocampus via emotion
Strong emotional arousal leads to stronger encoding and retention

Hippocampus important in spatial LTM store- damage to MTL leads to reduced navigation, rats and taxi drivers

PFC is involved in LTM through the WM system- blumenfeld and raganath 2006 found increased dlpfc for complex memory tasks

Question 8

Implicit LTM

Answer 8

Priming and procedural

Mainly motor things- involves cerebellum

Question 9

Long term potentiation

Answer 9

Neurones show increased excitability over time to a repeated stimulus

Happens when encoding new LTM, when restructuring and building more synapses

Constant presynaptic stimulation leads to a larger postsynaptic potential - tang et al 1999

Question 10

Habituation

Answer 10

Individual ceases to to respond to a repeated stimulus

Question 11

Sensitisation

Answer 11

Strengthening response to repeated stimuli

Question 12

Mechanism of priming

Answer 12

1) fatigue: neurones weaken signals
2) sharpening: fewer neurones fire with same strength
3) facilitation : neurones fire for shorter potentials

Question 13

Long term depression

Answer 13

Opposite of long term potentiation

Decreased sensitivity or reduced number of receptors to a repeated stimulus.
Occurs in conditioning

Question 14

Atkinson and shriffin

Answer 14

1968

Short term memory
Less than 30s and 5-9 units