5. Language - Phases of Language Development Flashcards
Phases of Language Development
- Prelinguistic period
- Holophrase period
- Telegraphic period
- Preschool period
- Middle childhood & adolescence
Prelinguistic Period
0-12 months
Express themselves with sounds, no full words
Cooing first (vowel-like)
Babbling next (vowel, consonant combinations)
Gestures
Declarative
Imperative
Declarative gestures
Pointing to or touching an object to draw attention to it
Imperative gestures
Giving commands through gestures
Convincing others to do things
e.g. pointing at candy, tugging on leg to be picked up
Holophrase period
12-18 months
Words, not sentences e.g. eat not I want to eat
Receptive language
Productive language
Fast-mapping
Naming explosion
Receptive language
Holophrase period
Understanding of language
Productive language
Holophrase period
Language production i.e. speaking
Fast-mapping
Holophrase period
Quickly adding a word to your vocabulary after hearing it used properly a few times
Naming explosion
Holophrase period
The dramatic increase in the pace at which infants acquire new words in the latter half of the 2nd year.
Errors in the Holophrase Period
Overextension
Underextension
Overextension
Error in holophrase period
Tendency to use specific words to refer to a broader group of objects, actions or events
e.g. car for all vehicles
Underextension
Error in holophrase period
Tendency to use general words to refer to a broader group of objects, actions or events
e.g. all candy as mints
Holophrase - Constraints
Object scope
Taxonomic
Lexical contrast
Mutual exclusivity
Object scope constraint
Assumption that words refer to whole objects, not the parts
e.g. car as a whole, not the wheels, seats, gears etc.
Taxonomic constraint
Assumption that words are labels for similar objects that share features
e.g. all four legged animals are horses
Lexical contrast constraint
Assumption that every word has a unique meaning
Development of subcategories
e.g. Corgis and Cavaliers are types of dogs
Mutual exclusivity
Assumption that everything has one label & different words refer to different/separate categories
i.e. two different words have to refer to different things
example: child doesn’t know what an antilope is but knows a lion. They will get which one the antilope is from ‘The lion is chasing the antilope’
Telegraphic Period
18-24 months
SUMMARY
Telegraphic speech
Vocal turn taking
Sociolinguistic prescriptions
Telegraphic speech
Two word utterances in the right order
Vocal turn taking
Telegraphic period
Taking social cues within a conversation, knowing not to interrupt
*Telegraphic - language learning for siblings
Reference style - older siblings
Expressive style - younger siblings
Sociolinguistic prescriptions
Talking a certain way within a certain setting
e.g. more polite when you want something
Preschool Period
2.5 to 5 years
SUMMARY
Transformational grammar
Grammatical morphemes
Over-regulation
Transformational grammar
Preschool period
Rule allowing us to transform declarative statements into questions, negatives, imperatives etc.
Grammatical morphemes
Preschool period
Prefixes, suffixes, prepositions, and auxiliary verbs that modify the meaning of words and sentences are starting to be used by the child
ex: “we runned” learning that it’s actually “we ran”
Over-regulation
Preschool period
when children occasionally overextend new grammatical morphemes to cases in which the adult form is irregular
ex: learning past tense and then applying it to any tense that’s not present
Middle Childhood & Adolescence
6 - 14 years
SUMMARY
Metalinguistic awareness
Passive sentences
Conditional sentences
Semantic integration?
*Metalinguistic awareness
Middle childhood & adolescence
Ability to reflect on our own language
e.g. sarcasm
Passive sentences
Middle childhood & adolescence
Main object is acted upon and is passive
e.g. mickey mouse was liked by donald duck
Conditional sentences
Middle childhood & adolescence
There is a condition on the main object
e.g. if goofy had come to the party, donald would have liked that
Make your own example
*Semantic integration
Middle childhood & adolescence
Seeing the hidden meaning behind a word, understanding metaphors
e.g. innuendos
*Synactical Bootstrapping
*Semantic bootstrapping
*Expansion
*Recasting
