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1.4 Developmental Psychology > 3. Attachment > Flashcards

3. Attachment Flashcards

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1
Q

Attachment

A

A close emotional bond shared by two people

Quality of attachment is inked to emotional, cognitive and social development

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2
Q

Bowlby - Emotional Attachment

A

strong, affectionate ties to certain people in our lives

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3
Q

Reciprocal relationships

A

affection and attachment goes both ways e.g. parents to child and child to parent

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4
Q

Interactional synchrony - Synchronized Routines

A

Routines established between caregivers & infants over the first few months that contribute to the growth of attachment
- Routine smoothens over time, becoming more satisfying for both parties

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5
Q

Attachment Phases

A

Asocial phase
Phase of indiscriminate attachments
Specific attachment phase
Phase of multiple attachments

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6
Q

Attachment phases - asocial phase

A

Birth to 6 weeks
2. Social and nonsocial stimuli produce equal positive effects/reactions
3. End of period - preference for social stimuli

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7
Q

Attachment phases - indiscriminate attachments

A

6 weeks to 6/7 months
Infants enjoy human company
Protest at being put down

3-6 prefer regular caregiver but love attention from all adults, even strangers

More quickly soothed by a regular caregiver

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8
Q

Attachment phases - specific attachment

A

7-9 months
First genuine attachments formed

Show preference for certain caregivers, usually the mother
Only protest separation from this/these specific caregiver(s)
Wariness of strangers

Formation of secure attachment is crucial at this stage

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9
Q

Secure base

A

A point of safety from which the infant feels free to venture away from
Have to keep checking back

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10
Q

Attachment phases - multiple attachments

A

9-18 months

Develop close attachments to people other than mothers e.g. fathers, siblings, grandparents, regular babysitters etc.

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11
Q

The Strange Situation

A

Infant is exposed to 8 different separation & reunion situations, reaction helps determine attachment

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12
Q

Attachment Q-set

A

Observations of a child’s attachment-related behaviours at home from the ages 1 to 5

  • Scale from most to least
  • 80 cards with descriptions of behaviour, caregiver ranks these cards
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13
Q

Secure attachment

A

65% of 1 year olds
The caregiver is seen as a secure base from which the child can explore the environment
Mild anxiety when separated, happiness upon reunion

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14
Q

Insecure avoidant

A

25% of 1 year olds
No distress at separation, little reaction upon reunion
More sociable with strangers

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15
Q

Insecure resitant

A

10% of 1 year olds
Very little exploration of environment with or without caregiver
Distress at separation, push caregiver away upon reunion

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16
Q

Insecure disorganized

A

5% of 1 year olds
Dazed, confused & fearful
Both avoidant & resistant patterns can be seen

17
Q

*Bowlby’s Ethological Theory

A

4 phases
Same as other attachment phases
Same theory?

18
Q

*Learning Theory

A

Infants become attached to people who feed them & gratify their needs
I love you because you reward me

19
Q

*Cognitive-developmental Theory

A

Ability to form attachments depends on infants level of cog development
To love you i must know you will always be there
Must be able to distinguish between acquaintances & strangers

20
Q

Stranger anxiety

A

A wary or fretful reaction displayed when approached by a stranger

Peaks at 8-10 months

21
Q

Separation anxiety

A

A wary or fretful reaction displayed when separated from person they are attached to

Peaks at 14-18 months

Decline in 2nd year:
Intellectual maturity & independence
Object permanence - they’re still there

22
Q

Caregivers of securely attached babies

A

Sensitive to babies’ signals
Show consistent availability to respond to babies’ needs
Give babies an active role in how much they interact in the first year
Link to maternal sensitivity responding at 6 months

23
Q

Caregivers of insecure avoidant babies

A

Unavailable or reject baby
No response to babies’ signals
Lack of physical contact
Angry & irritable behaviour towards baby

24
Q

Caregivers of insecurely resistant babies

A

Inconsistent response - sometimes responding to babies’ needs or signals, sometimes not
Lack of affection
Lack of synchrony

25
Q

Caregivers of insecure disorganized babies

A

Neglect or physical abuse
Some cases - depressed caregivers

26
Q

Other influences to attachment security

A

Early, consistent availability of caregiver
Children’s personality characteristics
Family circumstances - stressors
Parents own childhood experiences
Unplanned pregnancies & marital problems

27
Q

Postpartum Depression

A

A severe depressive reaction, including extreme sadness and resentment of the child, occurring shortly after birth
6 week period at least, can last months

Can lead to insecure attachment

28
Q

Postpartum blues

A

3-5 days
Normal feelings of sadness
Comes and goes

29
Q

Causes of mild Postpartum Depression

A

Hormonal changes
New stressors caused by parental responsibilities

30
Q

Causes of severe Postpartum Depression

A

History of depression
Binge drinking, cigarettes during pregnancy
Lack of social support
Issues with baby’s father
Father’s can also experience depressive symptoms, feeling that they’ve been replaced

31
Q

Reflexes

A

Involuntary and automatic response to a stimulus
Survival reflexes: aid survival
Primitive reflexes: presence is indicative of normal neural development
- Doctor might test these to see if there are any problems

Check table for full view

32
Q

Action patterns

A

More complex than reflexes
Predictable series or sequence of actions
Occurs even when stimulus has been removed

33
Q

Signal mechanism

A
  • Crying/smiling
  • Mechanism designed to get the attention of the caregiver
  • Different purpose to reflexes
34
Q

Grasping/Palmer grip reflex

A

Primitive
When baby grasps finger when palm is stroked

From birth, fades by 3-4 months - becomes voluntary

35
Q

Moro reflex

A

Primitive
Extends legs, arms & fingers, arches back & draws back head in response to sudden drop or loud sound
Fades by 6 months

36
Q

Babinski reflex

A

Primitive
Fanning /curling toes when bottom of foot is stroked
Fades by 8-12 months

37
Q

Rotating/rooting reflex

A

Survival
Turning the head in the direction of tough stimulus to cheek
Orients baby to breast/bottle
Fades after 1 week - turns voluntary

1.4 Developmental Psychology (12 decks)

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