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70-740 > 5. Implement High Availability > Flashcards

5. Implement High Availability Flashcards

1
Q

Hyper-v Replica

A

Allows you to create highly available VMs locally or on a remote site through asynchronous or synchronous replication of storage.

Hyper-v replica works off of snapshots so after the initial replication the only thing that needs to be sent over the network is the checkpoint.

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2
Q

kerberos

A

replica traffic will not be encrypted and the servers must be joined to the same or trusted domains.

requires constrained delegations to be established in active directory.

do not need to be signed into the server you are migrating from.

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3
Q

certification-based authentication

A

uses certificates for authentication for encrypted replica over the network. you can either self-sign certificates or have them signed externally.

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4
Q
A
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5
Q

Live migration

A

A feature that makes it possible to move a virtual machine from one hyper-v host to another while it is running with almost no interruption of service.

this is not a replacement for hyper-v replica because it does not move the virtual machines data files.

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6
Q

Simultaneous live migrations

A

allows you to specify how many live migrations the server can perform at the same time based on the bandwidth and traffic levels on the server. the default is 2 live migrations at a time.

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7
Q

credssp

A

an authentication protocol that does not require constrained delegations to be established.

requires that you be signed into the server you are migrating from.

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8
Q

shared nothing live migration

A

allows you to move vms that do not have shared storage by moving the storage alongside the vm.

basically a storage migration then a live migration.

must be members of the same or trusted domain.

the source and domain must be using the same processor family amd vs intel

minimum 1gb network

virtual switches should be configured identically between servers.

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9
Q

Storage migration

A

the process of moving vm storage to another vm.

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10
Q

Failover clustering

A

a group of two or more computers, physical or virtual, and runnin the same application that functions on a single entity to provide high availability, scalability, and fault tolerances.

64 computers

8000 virtual machines

1024 vms per node.

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11
Q

Single domain cluster

A

all of the servers in the failover cluster are joined to the same domain.

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12
Q

Multi-domain cluster

A

a failover cluster with servers running in multiple different domains.

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13
Q

workgroup cluster

A

a failover cluster of computers not joined to a domain at all.

SQL would work well in a domainless cluster.

file servers would not work well in a domainless cluster.

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14
Q

Quorum

A

a voting system in a cluster to prevent a split-brain scenario. The quorum keeps one side of the cluster up because it has a majority vote.

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15
Q

Disk witness

A

a dedicated disk in the cluster’s shared storage that contains a copy of the cluster database.

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16
Q

file share witness

A

an SMB file share on a windows server with a witness.log file containing information about the cluster.

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17
Q

cloud witness

A

a blob stored in azure that is designed for stretch clusters split among multiple data centers and remote sites. the purpose of the cloud witness is to remain independent of all of the data centers.

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18
Q

Dynamic Quorum Management

A

designed to function so that when a node leaves a cluster its vote leaves with it so that the cluster cna stay up without taking itself offline. allows a cluster to continue functioning until all of the nodes have failed.

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19
Q

Client Communication

A

Clients access to the application running on the cluster are the highest priority and this is usually the default shared network.

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20
Q

Cluster communication

A

cluster communication is the next highest networking priority. if the cluster cannot communicate with itself and register heartbeats the cluster will go down.

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21
Q

storage traffic

A

iSCSI and other types of storage traffic should be separated from all other types of traffic on the cluster network.

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22
Q

cluster storage types

A

Fibre Channel

SAS

iSCSI

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23
Q

cluster aware updating

A

allows you to update clusters with minimum downtime.

remove all active roles from a node then update it. bring the node online and do the same to the next one until you reach the final node.

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24
Q

self updating mode

A

a node in the cluster has the CAU role and starts to update all of the nodes in the cluster. when the CAU reaches itself it fails over and a new node assumes the role and updates the old CAU.

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25
Q

remote updating mode

A

a computer outside the cluster is configured to function as the update coordinator from this computer an admin can manually start the update process and walk through each of the steps.

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26
Q

cluster OS rolling upgrade

A

makes it possible to upgrade OS versions in a cluster. this works like cluster-aware upgrading we are going to remove a node and perform a clean install on the next os version and migrate the roles back to the server and rejoin it to the cluster. we are going to do this with each node in the cluster then we are going to update the cluster functional level. you cannot go back to a previous version of windows server once you have upgraded you would need to build a new cluster.

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27
Q

CSVFS

A

Cluster shared volume file system

regular ntfs file systems were not made for clustered systems. only one node can access the metadata or there would be corruption and your data would be ruined. this is the purpose of a CSVFS where one node modifies the metadata and has complete control over it and other nodes can edit the actual files.

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28
Q

administrative access point

A

is the cluster object name that is created in active directory when the cluster is created.

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29
Q

Active Directory Detached Cluster

A

a cluster without an active directory object even though the cluster nodes are joined to a domain. instead the detached cluster will use the dns as the administrative access point

new-cluster cluster1 -node node1,node2 -staticaddress 10..0.0.1 -nostorage -administrativeaccesspoint dns

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30
Q

Scale-Out File Server

A

a clustered role that is designed to provide highly available storage for applications such as hyper-v and SQL. this means that storage is available to all cluster nodes at the same time. active active or dual active

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31
Q

Guest Cluster

A

is a cluster that consists entirely of virtual machines running on a single hyper-v host.

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32
Q

Node Monitoring

A

Clusters can monitor resources like storage subsystems, network connectivity, and the clustered application itself.

33
Q

application migration

A

allows an application to failover to other vms

34
Q

Host Availability

A

you can create a guest cluster from virtual machines located on different hosts allowing a host to fail and still preserve your workloads.

35
Q

nested clustering

A

a guest cluster within a cluster. this is good for creating a cluster made up of guest clusters.

36
Q

storage spaces

A

allows you to add data storage provided by multiple physical disks to a storage pool. you can then combine this storage space with failover clustering to create a solution that is highly available to both hard drive and server failures.

supports parity and mirroring

37
Q

unmonitored

A

indicates that a vm owning a role is not being monitored by the cluster service.

38
Q

isolated

A

indicates that the node is not currently an active member of the cluster but is still in possession of a role.

39
Q

quarantine

A

indicates a node that has been drained of its roles and removed from the cluster for a specified amount of time after having left and reentered the cluster too many times in the previous hour.

40
Q

resiliency level

A

1 - enables the use of the isolated state only if th node supplies a known reason for disconnecting.

2 - enables the free use of the isolated stat and allows the node time to recover. (default)

41
Q

VHDX

A

allows files created on a shared storage infrastructure to be shared between virtual machines in a gues cluster. for backwards compatability at this point. 2016 uses a vhd set.

42
Q

VHD Set

A

contains a vhds file for the metadata and an avhdx that contains the actual data. vhd sets provide online resizing capabilities and supoort for host based backups that are not supported by vhdx files.

43
Q

Storage Spaces Direct

A

allows you to create storage spaces from the internal storage of servers without the need for external storage solutions.

data center only feature

minimum of 6 drives with 4 being hard disks and 2 being solid state

drives cannot be partitioned before setup of s2d

10gb connections between the nodes or servers

uses smb

44
Q

software storage bus

A

a logical network that connects the local data drives inside them.

45
Q

SMB Transparent Failover

A

Enables a client session to be transferred from one cluster node to another without interruption.

46
Q

SMB Scale-out

A

enables share to be accessible by clients from all nodes in the cluster simultaneously.

47
Q

SMB Multichannel

A

enables file servers to combine the bandwidth from multiple network adapters to increase bandwidth and fault tolerance.

48
Q

SMB Direct

A

uses RDMA to perform direct memory to memory data transfers between the remote systems this decreases processor load for the host. requires smb3.0 for both the client and the server.

49
Q

SMB encryption

A

provides end to end aes encryption between servers and clients using smb 3.0

50
Q

Vm monitoring

A

a cluster is capable of monitoring specific services on the virtual machines and reporting when a problem occurs and taking action that you can configure.

the vm must be in the same domain

the firewall must be set up to receive inbound rules

51
Q

failover

A

when a role running on a cluster node can no longer continue to run the cluster moves it to another node.

52
Q

failback

A

when a cluster moves the role back to its original node after the problem that caused the node to failover is resolved.

53
Q

stretch cluster

A

a cluster with its nodes deivied among different sites often in different cities.

54
Q

Site aware failover cluster

A

a cluster that contains fault domains the cluster uses the fault domains to determine its behavior during failovers and role transfers.

allows you to set primary and secondary sites

55
Q

fault domain

A

a set of hardware components that share a single point of failure.

56
Q

failover affinity

A

nodes have a preference for their site they will not failover to another site until all nodes at their site have failed. they have affinity for their site./

57
Q

crosssitedelay

A

specifies the amount of time between heartbeats sent to nodes of different sites.

58
Q

crosssitethreshold

A

specifies the number of missed heartbeats that must occur before a node at a different site is considered to have failed.

59
Q

node fairness

A

attempts to balance the distribution among the nodes. works by evaluating the memory and cpu loads on each node over time attempting to identify those that are overcommitted.

60
Q

auto balancer mode

A

0 - node fairness diabled

1 - laod balancing occurs when a node joins a cluster

2 - load balancing occurs when a node joins a cluster and every 30 minutes

61
Q

auto balancer level

A

1 - low. migrates vms when the host is more than 80% loaded

2 - medium. migrates the server when it is more than 70% loaded

  1. high. migrates the server when it is more than 60% loaded
62
Q

Export/import vm

A

effectively allows you to clone a vm.

generate new id - generates a new id for the vm allowing you to run it and the original

63
Q

Network load balancing

A

distributes traffic load among many computers enabling the cluster to service more clients at once.

2 to 32 hosts

best suited for stateless applications

must be on the same subnet

must have static ip addresses

all hosts should have an identical user account

64
Q

Stateless application

A

an application that does not store client data for use in one session with another session

a great example of this is html

65
Q

Failover clustering vs load balancing

A

load balancing is for hosts failover clustering is for nodes.

66
Q

Convergence

A

when adding or removing hosts from a cluster the NLB will evaluate the current cluster membership and determine how client requests should be distributed among the hosts.

67
Q
A
68
Q

DNS round robbin

A

allows dns servers resolving the cluster name to supply different ip addresses to successive requests.

69
Q

Unicast

A

replaces the hardware mac address with the cluster’s virtual mac address causing traffic to go to every host in the cluster and every port. with unicast, your hosts cannot communicate with one another.

70
Q

Multicast

A

adds a second mac address to the network interface of each of your hosts this allows your hosts to continue communicating with one another but can still cause port flooding, “but there are fixes for it”

71
Q

IGMP (internet group management protocol) multicast

A

uses igmp to program the switches so that traffic destined for the cluster’s mac address is only forwarded through the switch ports connected to nlb hosts.

instead of doing this you can also create a vlan in the switch

72
Q

no affinity

A

your clients do not have an affinity for a particular host meaning their traffic is sent to any host in the nlb cluster.

73
Q

single affinity

A

your clients have affinity for a particular host.

74
Q

network affinity

A

your cluster recognizes the class c section of an ip address and assigns affinity to the client for a particular server that would best suit them.

75
Q

Load weight

A

specifies how much traffic conforming to a rule should be handled by a particular host. multiple host mode

0-100

76
Q

handling priority

A

specifies the priority for the hosts handling of traffic for a particular rule in single-host mode.

77
Q

simultaneous upgrade

A

bring the entire nlb cluster down and upgrade all the hosts then bring the cluster up again.

78
Q

rolling upgrade

A

remove the hosts from the nlb cluster one at a time to upgrade each one then add it back to the cluster.

70-740 (6 decks)

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