3. Implement Hyper-V Flashcards
Type 2 virtualization
The hypervisor runs on top of a host operating system. They share access to the computer’s processor passing control back and forth.
Type 1 Virtualization
The hypervisor is an abstraction layer that interfaces directly with the computer hardware. Creates parent(runs the virt stack) and child partitions.
Shared Nothing Live Migration
Moves a running VM with no shared storage to another host server in the same or a trusted domain.
Hyper-V Manager
A tool that allows you to remotely manage VMs. Can connect to any server with the hyper-v role installed even if it doesn’t have management tools installed. Hyper-v manager can also be installed on a windows 10 machine if it has the server administration tools package installed.
Remoting to a domain connected hyper-v server with hyper-v manager
uses Kerberos for authentication.
Remoting to a Hyper-v server not in a domain with hyper-v manager
uses CredSSP for authentication.
Remote managed: Enable-PSRemoting -sets a firewall rule
Enable-wsmancredssp -enables credssp Local
Managing: Set-Item wsman:\Localhost\Client\trustedhosts -value “hypervserver.domain.com” -adds the domain name
enable-wsmancredssp -role client -delegatecomputer “hypervserver.domain.com” -enables credssp
Powershell direct
A way of connecting to the guest os from the host os.
Copy-Item
allows you to copy an item to or from a guest os to or from the host.
Copy-item -tosession (get-psssession) -path <> -destination <>
Copy-item -fromsession (get-pssession) -Path <> -destiantion <>
Nested Virtualization
set-vmprocessor -vmname -exposevirtualizationextensions $true
Page table support required
Mac address spoofing required
does not support dynamic memory, live migrations, memory resizing, or checkpoints.
.vmc
Virtual Machine Configuration file stored in XML format.
.vsv
the saved state of a virtual machine.
Can you enable dynamic memory while a vm is running?
No.
If dynamic memory is enabled can you hot-add memory to a machine?
you can modify the maximum ram setting but you cannot change the startup memory settings of a machine.
Hot add memory
The ability to add memory to a machine while it is running.
Dynamic Memory Limitations
you cannot enable or disable dynamic memory while a VM is running
You cannot modify the bootup ram setting while dynamic memory is running
you can lower but not raise the minimum ram setting while the vm is running
you can raise but lower the maximum ram setting while the vm is running
Memory Buffer
Specifies the percentage of currently allocated memory that dynamic memory should retain as a buffer for future expansion.
Smart Paging
The ability of a vm to use the disk as ram for bootup sequences. used in scenarios where there is not enough memory to boot up.
Vm Resource Metering
CPU Metering - specifies the vm processor utilization in mhz
Memory Metering - tracks the min, max, and average memory usage
Network metering - specifies the total incoming and outgoing network traffic of a vm
Disk Metering - specifies the total storage capacity of a virtual hard disk plus the space consumed by snapshots
Integration Services
A software package that runs on guest operating systems enabling them to communicate with the hyper-v host. includes 6 different services.
Operating system shutdown
Time synchronization
Data Exchange
HeartBeat
Backup (volume shadow copy)
Guest Services
Operating System Shutdown
Allows administrators to perform orderly shutdowns on a VM without logging into it through the use of tools like hyper-v manager and powershell.
Time Synchronization
synchronizes the clock of the vm with the clock of the hyper-v host. this is a feature that you may want disabled on an active directory vm because you will want the AD domains to be in sync with each other.
Data Exchange or Key-Value Pair
A service that allows the guest os on a vm to share information with the hyper-v host without the use of a network connection.
Backup
Volume Shadow Copy
Allows administrators to back up a vm. this backup includes the vm configuration, the virtual hard disks, and any checkpoints. However, the Volume Shadow Copy requires that the VM uses an NTFS file system.
Guest Service
allows administrators to copy files to and from a running vm through the vm bus instead of using a network connection.
Copy-VMFile
Creating a vm with powershell
new-vm -name server1 -generation 2 -startupbytes 4gb -newvhdpath “c:\disks\server1.vhdx”
omitting the generation tag will create a gen 1 machine if you dont want to type it
The path of your vhd will specify what type of vhd to create for the system disk.
Choosing a VM Generation
Gen 1 Bios - Gen 2 UEFI
You have a VHD that does not support UEFI
You want to install a guest operating system that does not support generation 2
you plan to move the vm to a windows server 2008 r2 or older server
you plan to move the VM to windows azure
realistically unless you need gen 1 you should be using gen 2 VMs
Enhanced Session Mode
(virtual machine connect)
the tool hyper-v manager uses to connect to a running vm and access its desktop. allows the VM and the computer you are using to connect to share some resources like sound, printers, and clipboards.
in server 2016 enhanced session mode is disabled by default.
supported since windows server 2008
Linux integration services
Do nothing - some older versions do not have support for LIS.
Download and install LIS - some linux distros have integration support but it is not built-in.
Use Built-in LIS - newer versions on linux distros tend to have integration services.
Secure Boot
Makes sure that every component during a computers boot sequence has been digitally signed.
only supported by gen 2 VMs since it requires a UEFI
Use Microsoft UEFI certificate authority for Linux secure boot
Upgrading VM Versions
you are no longer forced to upgrade your vm version when you upgrade operating systems. This means you can run older vm versions on 2016 and continue to move them to older servers like 2012 or 2008. If you upgrade to a new version you cannot move the server back to 2012 from 2016.
update-vmversion -vm server1
Export a VM
A way of moving or creating a copy of a vm on the same or different server.
Creates a copy of all files of the vm including its configuration files, virtual hard disks, and checkpoints.
export-vm -name server1 -path c\export
Register the VM in place
Leaves the exported files where they are and registers the vm in hyper-v using the same ID as the exported VM. both the new and old vm cannot run at the same time with the same id.
Restore the VM
Copies the exported files where you want them and registers the vm with the same ID these vms cannot run at the same time on the same host because they have the same vm Id.
Copy the VM
Copies the exported files where you want them and registers the vm with a new ID, this allows you to run it at the same time as the original since it has a new Id.
Discrete Device Assignment
The ability to assign physical hardware like a gpu to a vm. the hardware must be offline and unmounted from the host for this to be possible.
disable-pnpdevice
dismount-vmhostassignabledevice
add-vmassignabledevice
Gen 1 Storage
controllers
IDE - integrated drive electronics - system drive and DVD drive.
SCSI - small computer system interface - not iSCSI
vhd - 2tb
Gen 2 Storage
controllers : No IDE just SCSI
vhdx-64tb
VHD Set
Creates an image for disk sharing among guest operating systems that supports features like online disk resizing and host-based backups. generally for use with failover clustering.
the vhd file interacts with the hypervisor and the avhdx is the actual storage file.
new-vhd –path c:\diskfile.vhds –dynamic –sizebytes 1tb
Creating a virtual disk with Powershell
new-vhd –path c:\diskfile.vhdx –fixed –sizebytes 500gb - logicalsectorsizebytes 4096
Max logical sector size is 4kb
Install roles and features while offline
install-windowsfeature -vhd c:\disks\server1.vhdx -name webserver -includemanagementtools
Pass-through disk
physical disk drive itself, installed on the host server. When you add a hard drive to any of the controllers in a virtual machine, you can select a physical hard disk, as opposed to a virtual one. the physical disk must be offline on the host in order to add it to the vm.
add-vmharddiskdrive
Compact
Reduces the size of a dynamically expanding or differencing disk by deleting empty space, while leaving the disk’s capacity unchanged.
optimize-vhd
Convert
Creates a copy of the disk image file, enabling you to change the format (VHD or VHDX) or the type (fixed size or dynamically expanding) in the process
convert-vhd
Expand
Increases the capacity of the disk by adding empty storage space to the image file.
resize-vhd
Shrink
Reduces the capacity of the disk by deleting empty storage space from the file.
resize-vhd
Merge
Combines the data on a differencing disk with that on its parent disk, to form a single composite image file.
merge-vhd
Production checkpoint
uses volume shadow copy service to create a snapshot of vm data without saving the memory state.
Checkpoint
a captured image of the state, data, and hardware configuration of a virtual machine at a specific moment in time. These checkpoints will be placed in the virtual hard disk folder. avhd or avhdx file format.
set-vm -name server1 -checkpointtype standard
Standard Checkpoint
Creates a checkpoint that includes the memory state. can be potentially disruptive.
Storage QoS
Storage quality of service- the ability to set limits on virtual hard disk input/output operations so that they cannot monopolize the physical disk.
set-vmharddiskdrive -vmname server1 -controllertype scsi - controllernumber 0 -minimumiops 10 -maximumiops 500
Add/Remove a virtual switch with Powershell
add-vmnetworkadapter -vmname server1 -switchname private1
remove-vmnetworkadapter -vmname server1 -vmnetworkadapter nic1
Internal Switch
Allows the host and the VMs to communicate with each other.
External switch
Allows the VMs to communicate with the external network
Private Switch
Allows the vms to communicate with one another
Virtual Machine Queue (VMQ)
Allows packets to be sent directly to virtual machines in separate queues bypassing the host.
network adapter must be 10 gig or faster
enable-netadaptervmq -name nic1
IPsec Task Offloading
moves the ipsec decoding to the network adapter instead of the host processor.
Single-root I/O Virtualization
Virtual machines are able to share the hardware resources of a pci express device like a network adapter.
Virtualization Service Provider (VSP)
Provides synthetic device support to child partitions over the vmbus.
Virtualization Service Client (VSC)
is a synthetic devices instance on the child partition that communicates with the VSP (virtualization service provider)
emulated device
Gen 1 machines emulate the physical hardware like switches.
Gen 1 emulated devices support PXE boot
synthetic device
Gen 2 machines communicate through the vm bus eliminating the need for emulation through software.
Nic Teaming
Allows you to join multiple network adapters into a single entity for performance enhancements like network load balancing and increased bandwidth.
Hyper-v is limited to teams of two network adapters. The host can have teams up to 32 network adapters.
Switch independent team
The switch connected to the team is unaware that the network interface cards are in a team.
Switch dependent teaming
The switch is aware of the team and determines how to distribute inbound traffic to the team.
Remote Direct Memory Access (RDMA)
Allows packets to be sent directly to application memory bypassing the host os.
SMB Direct relies on RDMA
requires SET switches?
Switch Embedded Teaming (SET)
Applies the concept of teaming to virtual switches.
enableembeddedteaming
