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Clin Med I Exam #4 > 5 Immunology II > Flashcards

5 Immunology II Flashcards

1
Q

Name the 2 primary lymphatic organs

A

Bone marrow

Thymus

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2
Q

Name the 4 secondary lymphatic organs

A
  • Spleen
  • Lymph nodes
  • Tonsils/adenoids
  • Mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT)
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3
Q

What 2 big things occur in the bone marrow

A
  • Location of hematopoiesis (new RBC production)

- B cell maturation

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4
Q

What special job does the thymus have? Is it larger or smaller as a child?

A
  • Hosts T cell maturation

- Thymus is larger as a child then shrinks with age

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5
Q

What special jobs does the spleen have?

A
  • Removes old RBCs, holds storage of RBCs, recycles iron!!!
  • Synthesizes antibodies!!!
  • Removes antigens by the way of blood and lymph circulation
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6
Q

What is the result of asplenia? (3 things)

A
  • Increased circulating WBCs and platelets
  • Diminished response to some vaccines
  • Increased susceptibility to encapsulated bacteria!!! (strep pneumo, H. influenza, N. meningitides)
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7
Q

What is the primary job of the lymph nodes?

A

Filter foreign molecules and cancer cells

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8
Q

What organs are the first line of defense against ingested or inhaled pathogens?

A

Tonsils/adenoids

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9
Q

What is the primary function of the MALT organs?

A

Specializes in dealing with antigens passing through the mucosal epithelium (samples Ag and delivers to lymphoid tissue)

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10
Q

Compare innate vs. adaptive immunity (3 things)

A

Innate: First line of defense
Adaptive: Second line of defense

Innate: Nonspecific
Adaptive: Highly specific

Innate: No memory defense
Adaptive: Memory defense

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11
Q

How do autoimmune diseases arise?

A

When the adaptive immune system loses the ability to distinguish from self vs. non-self (innate immune system should only activate adaptive immune system as needed)

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12
Q

Compare and contrast the mechanism, cell-type, MOA, and purpose of humoral immunity vs. cell mediated immunity

A

Both are types of adaptive immunity

Humoral mechanism: Ab-mediated
Cell-med. mechanism: Cell-mediated

Humoral cell type: B-lymphocytes
Cell-med. cell type: T-lymphocytes

Humoral MOA: ANTIBODIES in circulating system
Cell med. MOA: DIRECT CELL TO CELL CONTACT or secreted soluble products

Humoral purpose: Primary defense against EXTRACELLULAR PATHOGENS (circulating viruses, bacteria)
Cell med. purpose: Primary defense against INTRACELLULAR PATHOGENS (viruses, fungi, intracellular bacteria, tumor antigens)

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13
Q

Describe the steps of activating a mature naive B-lymphocyte

A
  1. RECOGNITION: Ag binds to mature naive B-lymph. surface receptor (activation step!)
  2. PROLIFERATION: B-lymph. proliferate and make clones
  3. DIFFERENTIATION: Clones will either become a plasma cell or a memory B-cell
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14
Q

What do memory B-cells activate?

A

Years later, they can activate the SECONDARY immune response

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15
Q

What type of cell produces antibodies? What do Ab do?

A
  • Ab are made from plasma cells (which came from B-lymphocytes)
  • Ab tag antigens to mark them for destruction
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16
Q

What is the first antibody produced by plasma cells?

A

IgM - the first responder!

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17
Q

Which of the antibodies is the largest?

A

IgM

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18
Q

What is IgM’s job? What might elevated IgM levels indicate?

A
  • IgM is very good at activating the complement system

- Indicates acute/recent infection

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19
Q

What is the most abundant antibody?

A

IgG (75% of antibodies in blood)

20
Q

What is IgG’s job?

A

Opsonization! (Can also activate complement system)

21
Q

When looking at titer labs, what would a reactive IgG, non-reactive IgM, and high avidity IgG indicate?

A

Past infection

  • Non-reactive IgM means no current infection
  • High avidity IgG means body has seen infection/virus before
22
Q

When looking at titer labs, what would a reactive IgG, reactive IgM, and low avidity IgG indicate?

A

Primary infection

  • Reactive IgM means we have current infection
  • Low avidity IgG means this is the first time we are seeing infection
23
Q

Where do we typically find IgA?

A

MALT

  • Primarily in mucosal membranes and secretions
  • Present in GI tract, respiratory tract, saliva, sweat, tears
24
Q

What is IgA’s job?

A

Eliminating pathogens through mucosa

WEAK OPSONIZER and NOT good at activating complement system

25
Q

When is IgE produced?

A

In response to allergens or parasites

26
Q

What does IgE cause mast cells to release? What condition can IgE antibodies cause?

A
  • IgE causes release of histamine

- IgE plays a large role in Type I Hypersensitivity Reactions

27
Q

What is IgD’s job?

A

Activation of B-cells

28
Q

Which antibody crosses placenta and which antibody does not?

A

IgM: does NOT cross placenta
IgG: DOES cross placenta
(no info on other antibodies)

29
Q

What is the first signal in the activation of T-lymphocytes?

A

TCR (T-cell receptor) binds to the MHC-Ag complex of the antigen-presenting cell (APC)

30
Q

What is the second signal in the activation of T-lymphocytes?

A

T-cell surface receptor CD28 must bind to B7, located on APC

31
Q

What happens once a T-cell is activated?

A

Proliferate and divide into:

  • Helper T-cells (The Helper)
  • Cytotoxic T-cells (Natural Killer)
  • Suppressor T-cells (The Regulator)
  • Memory T-cells (The Veteran)
32
Q

What is the function of a Helper T-cell? (4 things)

A
  • Stimulate B cells
  • Stimulate T-cells to proliferate
  • Active macrophages
  • Active NK cells
33
Q

What is the surface receptor and MHC complex for a Helper T-cell?

A

Surface receptor: CD4+

MHC complex: MHC II

34
Q

What is the function of a Cytotoxic T-cell? (2 things)

A
  • Kills virus-infected cells

- Kills tumor cells

35
Q

What is the surface receptor and MHC complex for a Cytotoxic (Natural Killer) T-cell?

A

Surface receptor: CD8+

MHC complex: MHC I

36
Q

What is the function of a Suppressor T-cell? (2 things)

A
  • Prevent immune system over activity

- Helps distinguish from self vs. nonself

37
Q

What is the surface receptor and MHC complex for a Suppressor T-cell?

A

Trick question :-) No surface receptor, no MHC complex!

38
Q

What is the function of a Memory T-cell?

A

Recognize Ags from previous exposure

39
Q

What is the surface receptor and MHC complex for a Memory T-cell?

A

Trick question ;-) No surface receptor, no MHC complex!

40
Q

What do APCs have that allows them to present Ags to T-cells? What type of cells can be APCs?

A
  • APCs can be any nucleated cell in the body and are essential for adaptive immunity!
  • APCs have Major Histocompatability Complexes (MHCs) on their surfaces that display the Ag to the cytotoxic and helper T-cells
41
Q

What 2 prongs (sorry I can’t think of a better word) does a T-cell have that allows it to be activated?

A

T-cell receptor + CD28

42
Q

What 2 prongs does an APC have that allows it to activate a T-cell?

A

MHC w/ Ag + B7

43
Q

MHC I interacts with CD8+ on WHAT type of T-cell? This results in…?

A

MHC I interacts with CD8+ on CYTOTOXIC T-CELL, resulting in killing of infected host cell

44
Q

MHC II interacts with CD4+ on WHAT type of T-cell? This results in…?

A

MHC II interacts with CD4+ on HELPER T-CELL, resulting in cytokine synthesis (activation/recruitment of other cells)

45
Q

What type of APCs have an MHC Class I?

A

MHC Class I on surface of all nucleated cells (present to cytotoxic T-cells with CD8+ receptors)

46
Q

What type of APCs have an MHC Class II?

A

MHC Class II are only present on surface of B-cells, dendritic cells, and macrophages (present to Helper T-cells that have CD4+ receptors)

Clin Med I Exam #4 (7 decks)

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