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Clin Med I Exam #4 > 4 Immunology I > Flashcards

4 Immunology I Flashcards

1
Q

Are Lymphoid Stem cells adaptive or innate immunity?

A

Adaptive

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2
Q

Are Myeloid progenitor stem cells adaptive or innate immunity?

A

Innate

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3
Q

What are the 4 factors of innate immunity?

A
  1. physical barriers
  2. Complement system
  3. Inflammation
  4. WBCs
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4
Q

What are the functions of the complement system? (3)

A
  1. Enhances ability of antibodies and phagocytes to clear microbes.
  2. Promotes inflammation.
  3. Attacks pathogen cell membrane causing lysis
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5
Q

Name the 5 steps of the complement system.

A

Activation through classical pathway–> formation of enzyme C3 convertase –> opsonization and phagocytosis–> inflammation–> membrane attack complex (MAC) formation and lysis.

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6
Q

What is the classical pathway activated by?

A

Triggered by Antibodies (ex: IgM, IgG) binding to antigen

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7
Q

What does C3 convertase do?

A

cleaves C3–> C3b and C3a.

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8
Q

What is Opsonization?

A

coating of microbe by antibody to tag it for phagocytosis.

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9
Q

What is Phagocytosis?

A

host cells engulf and destroy the organism

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10
Q

What happens in inflammation? (in the complement system)

A

neutrophils attracted. Mast cells/ basophils release cytoplasmic granules.

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11
Q

What does MAC complex do? What proteins form this?

A

causes lysis of microbe. Proteins include C5b, c6, c7, c8, c9 have to combine first! (C5-C9)

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12
Q

List steps 1-4 of inflammation of innate immunity. (8 steps total)

A
  1. Tissue damage
  2. Chemical signals alert endothelial cells along capillary wall
  3. Neutrophils become “sticky” and stop rolling along cap wall
  4. Mast cells release histamine
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13
Q

List steps 5-8 of inflammation of innate immunity (8 steps total)

A
  1. Histamine causes vasodilation and openings btwn endothelial cells
  2. Fluid and leukocytes enter affected tissue
  3. Neutrophils “Squeeze” through endothelium to surrounding tissue
  4. Neutrophils attracted to damaged site and destroy bacteria
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14
Q

What is the term for when neutrophils squeeze through endothelium in the inflammation process.

A

Extravasation

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15
Q

What member is Kyle in the Spice Girls?

A

Sporty Spice aka Mel C

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16
Q

Name 4 features of innate immunity

Memory? Specific? Slow/fast? 1st/2nd line?

A
  • 1st line of defense
  • Rapid response
  • Non-specific defense
  • no memory defense
17
Q

In terms of WBCs, what are their distribution from most to least?

A

Neutrophils–> lymphocytes–> monocytes–> eosinophils–> basophils
“Never Let Monkeys Eat Bananas”

18
Q

Out of all the WBCs, which ones are NOT part of the innate immune system?

A

Lymphocytes (these are part of adaptive immune system)

19
Q

Neutrophils are also known as ?

A

First responders

20
Q

What are neutrophils particularly active against and how do they kill it?

A

Bacteria. Undergo phagocytosis to kill antigen

21
Q

What does an increase in band neutrophils (Metamyelocyte) indicate?

A

leukocytosis–> A left shift –> acute bacterial infection!

22
Q

What is the minimum percentage of band neutrophils needed to be present to indicate a left shift?

A

> 8%

23
Q

What are the stages of neutrophil development?

A

myeloblast–> promyelocyte–> myelocyte–> metamyelocyte–> neutrophil
“MyBlast Prom was Cited in the Mega NYtimes”

24
Q

What is Neutrophilia?

A

elevated neutrophil count

25
Q

What is Neutrophilia seen in?

A

seen with many types of acute infections, noninfectious inflammation

26
Q

What is Neutropenia?

A

Low neutrophil count

27
Q

What is Neutropenia seen in?

A

seen mainly w/ viral infections, BM disease

28
Q

What do Basophils play a role in?

A

Play role in allergic and antigen response

29
Q

What do the granules of Basophils and Mast cells contain?

A

Histamine (increases blood flow) and heparin.

30
Q

What do Mast cells play a role in?

A

role in allergy and anaphylaxis reactions

31
Q

What do Eosinophils target?

A

Parasites

Ew (eosinophil).. a parasite!

32
Q

Where do Eosinophils modulate allergic responses?

A

In mucous membranes (respiratory, digestive, and lower urinary tracts)

33
Q

What is the only WBC to not have granules?

A

Monocytes (agranulocyte)

mono- is the ONLY one to not have granules

34
Q

Where are monocytes found?

A

in SPLEEN and blood

35
Q

When monocytes migrate into tissues, what do they become? (2)

A

Macrophages or dendritic cells

36
Q

What do macrophages do?

A

antigen presenting cells, engulf foreign material

37
Q

What do dendritic cells do?

A

antigen presenting cells, messengers between innate and adaptive immune system

38
Q

What type of cells do lymphocytes become? (3)

A

B-cells, T-cells, and natural killer cells

Clin Med I Exam #4 (7 decks)

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