4 Immunology I Flashcards
Are Lymphoid Stem cells adaptive or innate immunity?
Adaptive
Are Myeloid progenitor stem cells adaptive or innate immunity?
Innate
What are the 4 factors of innate immunity?
- physical barriers
- Complement system
- Inflammation
- WBCs
What are the functions of the complement system? (3)
- Enhances ability of antibodies and phagocytes to clear microbes.
- Promotes inflammation.
- Attacks pathogen cell membrane causing lysis
Name the 5 steps of the complement system.
Activation through classical pathway–> formation of enzyme C3 convertase –> opsonization and phagocytosis–> inflammation–> membrane attack complex (MAC) formation and lysis.
What is the classical pathway activated by?
Triggered by Antibodies (ex: IgM, IgG) binding to antigen
What does C3 convertase do?
cleaves C3–> C3b and C3a.
What is Opsonization?
coating of microbe by antibody to tag it for phagocytosis.
What is Phagocytosis?
host cells engulf and destroy the organism
What happens in inflammation? (in the complement system)
neutrophils attracted. Mast cells/ basophils release cytoplasmic granules.
What does MAC complex do? What proteins form this?
causes lysis of microbe. Proteins include C5b, c6, c7, c8, c9 have to combine first! (C5-C9)
List steps 1-4 of inflammation of innate immunity. (8 steps total)
- Tissue damage
- Chemical signals alert endothelial cells along capillary wall
- Neutrophils become “sticky” and stop rolling along cap wall
- Mast cells release histamine
List steps 5-8 of inflammation of innate immunity (8 steps total)
- Histamine causes vasodilation and openings btwn endothelial cells
- Fluid and leukocytes enter affected tissue
- Neutrophils “Squeeze” through endothelium to surrounding tissue
- Neutrophils attracted to damaged site and destroy bacteria
What is the term for when neutrophils squeeze through endothelium in the inflammation process.
Extravasation
What member is Kyle in the Spice Girls?
Sporty Spice aka Mel C
Name 4 features of innate immunity
Memory? Specific? Slow/fast? 1st/2nd line?
- 1st line of defense
- Rapid response
- Non-specific defense
- no memory defense
In terms of WBCs, what are their distribution from most to least?
Neutrophils–> lymphocytes–> monocytes–> eosinophils–> basophils
“Never Let Monkeys Eat Bananas”
Out of all the WBCs, which ones are NOT part of the innate immune system?
Lymphocytes (these are part of adaptive immune system)
Neutrophils are also known as ?
First responders
What are neutrophils particularly active against and how do they kill it?
Bacteria. Undergo phagocytosis to kill antigen
What does an increase in band neutrophils (Metamyelocyte) indicate?
leukocytosis–> A left shift –> acute bacterial infection!
What is the minimum percentage of band neutrophils needed to be present to indicate a left shift?
> 8%
What are the stages of neutrophil development?
myeloblast–> promyelocyte–> myelocyte–> metamyelocyte–> neutrophil
“MyBlast Prom was Cited in the Mega NYtimes”
What is Neutrophilia?
elevated neutrophil count
What is Neutrophilia seen in?
seen with many types of acute infections, noninfectious inflammation
What is Neutropenia?
Low neutrophil count
What is Neutropenia seen in?
seen mainly w/ viral infections, BM disease
What do Basophils play a role in?
Play role in allergic and antigen response
What do the granules of Basophils and Mast cells contain?
Histamine (increases blood flow) and heparin.
What do Mast cells play a role in?
role in allergy and anaphylaxis reactions
What do Eosinophils target?
Parasites
Ew (eosinophil).. a parasite!
Where do Eosinophils modulate allergic responses?
In mucous membranes (respiratory, digestive, and lower urinary tracts)
What is the only WBC to not have granules?
Monocytes (agranulocyte)
mono- is the ONLY one to not have granules
Where are monocytes found?
in SPLEEN and blood
When monocytes migrate into tissues, what do they become? (2)
Macrophages or dendritic cells
What do macrophages do?
antigen presenting cells, engulf foreign material
What do dendritic cells do?
antigen presenting cells, messengers between innate and adaptive immune system
What type of cells do lymphocytes become? (3)
B-cells, T-cells, and natural killer cells