5: Health, Disease and the Development of Medicines

Question 1

Definition of health

Answer 1

A state of complete physical, mental and social well-being, and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity.

Question 2

What are the two types of disease

Answer 2

-Communicable
-Non-communicable

Question 3

Communicable disease

Answer 3

Disease that can spread between individuals

Question 4

Non-communicable disease

Answer 4

A disease that cannot be spread between individuals

Question 5

Why does affection from one disease make you more susceptible to others?

Answer 5

Your body has been weakened by the disease so it is less able to fight off others

Question 6

What causes communicable diseases

Answer 6

Pathogens

Question 7

Pathogens

Answer 7

An organism that causes communicable diseases

Question 8

Types of pathogens

Answer 8

-Viruses
-Bacteria
-Fungi
-Protists

Question 9

What type of pathogen is ebola caused by

Answer 9

A virus

Question 10

Symptoms of ebola

Answer 10

Haemorrhagic fever

Question 11

Haemorrhagic fever

Answer 11

Fever with bleeding

Question 12

How is ebola transmitted

Answer 12

Bodily fluids

Question 13

How can ebola transmission be reduced

Answer 13

Isolating affected individuals and sterilising any areas where the virus may be present

Question 14

What type of pathogen is chalara ash dieback

Answer 14

Fungus

Question 15

What does chalara ash dieback infect

Answer 15

Ash trees

Question 16

Chalara ash dieback symptoms

Answer 16

Leaf loss and bark lesions

Question 17

How is chalara ash dieback transmitted

Answer 17

Carried through the air by wind or moving the diseased trees

Question 18

How to reduce transmission of chalara ash dieback

Answer 18

Removing infected ash trees and replacing them with other plants or restricting the import of ash trees

Question 19

What pathogen causes malaria

Answer 19

Protist

Question 20

What does malaria do

Answer 20

Damages red blood cells and in severe cases- the liver

Question 21

How is malaria transmitted

Answer 21

Mosquitoes act as animal vectors

Question 22

How to reduce the transmission of malaria

Answer 22

Mosquito nets and insect repellent to prevent mosquitoes carrying the pathogen from biting people

Question 23

What pathogen causes cholera

Answer 23

Bacteria

Question 24

Symptoms of cholera

Answer 24

Diarrhoea

Question 25

How is cholera transmitted

Answer 25

Contaminated water sources

Question 26

How to reduce transmission of cholera

Answer 26

Make sure people have access to clean water supplies

Question 27

What pathogen causes tuberculosis

Answer 27

Bacteria

Question 28

Symptoms of tuberculosis

Answer 28

Coughing and lung damage

Question 29

How is tuberculosis transmitted

Answer 29

Through the air when people cough

Question 30

How to reduce the transmission of tuberculosis

Answer 30

Infected people should avoid public spaces, practice good hygiene and sleep alone. Homes should be well ventilated

Question 31

What type of pathogen causes stomach ulcers

Answer 31

Bacteria

Question 32

Symptoms of stomach ulcers

Answer 32

Stomach pain, nausea and vomiting

Question 33

How are stomach ulcers transmitted

Answer 33

Oral transmission (swallowing contaminated water or food)

Question 34

How to reduce the transmission of stomach ulcers

Answer 34

Clean water supplies and hygienic conditions

Question 35

STI

Answer 35

Sexually Transmitted Illness

Question 36

How are STIs spread

Answer 36

Sexual contact

Question 37

Name 2 STIs

Answer 37

-Chlamydia -HIV

Question 38

What type of pathogen is chlamydia

Answer 38

Bacteria

Question 39

Symptoms of chlamydia

Answer 39

Infertility

Question 40

How to reduce the transmission of chlamydia

Answer 40

Wearing a condom, screening individuals so they can be treated for the infection, avoiding sexual contact

Question 41

What does HIV stand for

Answer 41

Human Immunodeficiency Virus

Question 42

What does HIV do

Answer 42

Kill white blood cells

Question 43

What does HIV lead to

Answer 43

AIDS

Question 44

AIDS

Answer 44

When a person’s immune system deteriorates and eventually fails

Question 45

What are the effects of AIDS

Answer 45

Makes individuals vulnerable to other pathogens

Question 46

How is HIV transmitted

Answer 46

Infected bodily fluids (blood, semen, vaginal fluids)

Question 47

How to reduce the transmission of HIV

Answer 47

Use a condom during sex, avoid sharing needles, medication

Question 48

Virus

Answer 48

A protein coat around a strand of genetic material

Question 49

Lytic pathway

Answer 49

1. The virus attaches itself to a specific host cell and injects its genetic material into the cell 2. The virus uses proteins and enzymes in the host cell to replicate its genetic material and produce the components of new viruses. 3. The viral components assemble 4. The host cell splits open releasing more viruses which infect more cells

Question 50

Lysogenic Pathway

Answer 50

1. The injected genetic material is incorporated into the genome of the host cell 2. The viral genetic material is replicated along with the host DNA every time the cell divides- but the virus is dormant and no new viruses are made. 3. Eventually a trigger causes the viral genetic material to leave the genome and enter the lytic pathway

Question 51

Waxy Cuticle

Answer 51

Provides a barrier to stop pathogens entering them. Stops water from collecting on the leaf to reduce the risk of infection by pathogens which are transmitted in water.

Question 52

What physical defenses to plants have against pathogens and pests

Answer 52

-Waxy cuticle -Cell wall

Question 53

What do cell walls do against pathogens

Answer 53

Made of cellulose, act as a physical barrier against pathogens that make it past the waxy cuticle

Question 54

What chemical defenses do plants have against pathogens and pests

Answer 54

-Antiseptics -Deterring chemicals -Quinine -Aspirin

Question 55

Antiseptics

Answer 55

Kill bacterial and fungal pathogens

Question 56

What is another use of plant chemical defenses

Answer 56

Used as drugs for human diseases

Question 57

Where is quinine found

Answer 57

The bark of the cinchona tree

Question 58

What is quinine used for

Answer 58

Treatment for malaria

Question 59

Where is aspirin found

Answer 59

The bark and leaves of willow trees

Question 60

What is aspirin used for

Answer 60

Relieving pain and fever

Question 61

Pathologists

Answer 61

Experts in plant disease

Question 62

How do pathologists work out a diseased plant

Answer 62

They recognise the symptoms

Question 63

What may plants actually be showing instead of disease symptoms

Answer 63

A different physical appearance due to environmental causes

Question 64

How do pathologists identify the kind of pathogen involved in a disease

Answer 64

Analyse the distribution of diseased plants

Question 65

How to detect antigens on plants

Answer 65

Use monoclonal antibodies on a sample of plant tissue

Question 66

How do scientists detect pathogens using DNA

Answer 66

Observe the DNA in plant tissues

Question 67

What are the types of laboratory based diagnostic testing for plants

Answer 67

-Detecting antigens -Detecting DNA