5 Global rerulation of the Imm. System

Question 1

Initiation and limitation of an immune response in time and location is achieved through what?

Answer 1

High degree of immune specificity.

he put an emphasis on this

Question 2

why would diarrhea and vomiting be associated with ingestion of bad bacteria?

Answer 2

because your body wants go get it out as soon as possible. Therefore it vomits it out quickly, or causes diarrhea which passes it out of your system. The longer it is inside, the higher the chance it has to infect you

Question 3

what system usually causes the vomiting and diarrhea?

Answer 3

parasympathetic nervous system.

Question 4

what is the definition of impinging when used in reference to the immune system?

Answer 4

The factors/systems outside of the immune system that interact with it (the immune system) in order to achieve regulation. Ex: parasympathetics

Question 5

what effects does the parasympathetic NS have on the eyes, nose, mouth, GI tract, lungs, heart?

Answer 5

eyes=pupil constriction
nose=vosodilation and increased mucous
mouth=increased salivation
GI tract=Nausea/vomiting, peristalsis, diarrhea, relaxed sphincters.
lungs=broncho constriction
heart=bradycardia/decreased contractility.

Question 6

Are barrier systems part of the innate immune system?

Answer 6

No, he clarified this today.

Question 7

which nerves carry ParaSNA to the gut?

Answer 7

Vagus nerve (foregut and midgut)
Pelvic splenchnic nerves (the rest)

Question 8

What are the effects of increased parasympathetics to the GI system?

Answer 8

1) increased gastric secretion
2) increased tight junction integrity
3) increased bile and mucous
4) increased defensin secretion
5) increased bowel motility

Question 9

what is the result of too little up regulation of the immune system? Too much?

Answer 9

1) Impaired ability to recognize and respond to infections

2) over reactivity of the immune system leading to damage. Ex: autoimmune and septic shock

Question 10

what does it mean to have a “set point”?

Answer 10

the system is always on but in balance. Ex: body temperature, weight, hemoglobin, Ph.

Question 11

Looking at the set point graph, what does a right shift mean? left shift?

Answer 11

1) Right shift=decreased set point=too little up regulation

2) left shift=increased set point=too much up regulation.

Question 12

what would you expect to see in an aids patient that also has a herpes simplex outbreak?

Answer 12

too little up regulation, or a right shifted curve. This is because much of their immune system has been destroyed allowing the worse infection/outbreak.

Question 13

What would you expect to see with a patient with immunococcal infection, but also a left shifted set point curve?

Answer 13

Dark brown spots, shock, and overactive clotting because of the over activity of the immune system.

Question 14

T/F Primary and secondary immune organs are richly innervated by ANS fibers?

Answer 14

True

Question 15

Cells of the immune system possess “non immune receptors” which include?

Answer 15

cholinergic
adrenergic
glucocorticoid

Question 16

Chronic changes to the “set point” are due to?

Acute changes to the “set point” are due to?

Answer 16

chronic=endocrine system

acute=autonomic nervous system

Question 17

T/F Some set points are under partial and temporary voluntary control?

Answer 17

True such as with heart rate.

Question 18

Compare the nervous system to the endocrine system?

Answer 18

Nervous= hard wired, neurotransmitter in synaptic cleft, short diffusion distance, rapid, short lasting, precise. 
Endocrine= wireless, hormones in blood, long distance, target depends on target receptor, slow, long distance, long duration.

Question 19

What is HPA?

Answer 19

hypothalamic/pituitary/adrenal axis. The endocrine pathway to regulate the immune system.

Question 20

In the cholinergic pathway, what acounts for 80% of the fibers?

Answer 20

the afferent nerves.

Question 21

The cholinergic pathway is mainly controlled by which nerve?

Answer 21

CN #10

Question 22

The efferent division of the cholinergic pathway has 2 receptor types which are?

Answer 22

1) muscarinic (long term effects and G protein coupled)

2) nicotinic (acute effects and inflammatory reflex arc)

Question 23

What is responsible for the reflex arc?

Answer 23

The nicotinic receptors

Question 24

T/F the nicotinic and muscarinic receptors are sensitive to acetylcholine?

Answer 24

True, but nicotinic is also sensitive to nicotine.

Question 25

What is the main purpose of a reflex arc?

Answer 25

to maintain balance and homeostasis.

Question 26

What is the adrenergic pathway?

Answer 26

endocrine sympathetic pathway. (HPA axis)

Question 27

what is the cholinergic pathway?

Answer 27

endocrine parasympathetic pathway.

Question 28

TNF and IL-1beta are both what?

Answer 28

proinflammitory cytokines

Question 29

During an infection, local mediators signal via afferent vagal fibers that lead to ________, which then link to ________, and eventually return through efferent vagal efferents?

Answer 29

1) NTS

2) DMV (dorsal motor nucleus of vagus)

Question 30

T/F secretion of acetylcholine in the spleen leads to a decrease in TNF along with mRNA production?

Answer 30

true although mRNA is only slightly affected.

Question 31

What is VNS?

Answer 31

vegal nerve stimulation

Question 32

The VNS effect is mediated through its ________branch?

Answer 32

celiac

Question 33

acetylcholine binding to the (alpha7nAChR) inhibits 3 systems which are?

Answer 33

1) Nf-kB through JAK/STAT inactivation. (STAT required for inflammatory cytokine production)
2) Inhibit IkB dissociation from P50/P65 (needed for transcription of inflammatory cytokines)
3) Decrease Ca+ efflux, (inhibits MAPK entering the nucleus and initiating cytokine transcription)

Question 34

why do steroids work to prevent severe forms of rheumatoid arthritis?

Answer 34

steroids are anti-inflammatory agents such as formed in the adrenal gland.

Question 35

what specific type of drugs increase white blood cell count in the blood and mimics LAD?

Answer 35

corticosteroid use because these steroids down modulate cell egression from the blood to the tissues.

Question 36

Do steroids left or right shift the set point curve?

Answer 36

Right shift because it takes more of a stimulus (infection) to get the same immune response.

Question 37

what effect do corticosteroids have on dendritic cells, B cells and T cells?

Answer 37

Prevents activation and promotes apoptosis.

Question 38

What happens when you phosphorylate IkB?

Answer 38

Phosphorylation causes its dissociation from NFkB allowing pro-inflammatory cytokine production and release.

Question 39

TGF beta and IL10 have what function?

Answer 39

anti-inflammatory