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Immuno Unit 3 > 4 Humoral Immunity II > Flashcards

4 Humoral Immunity II Flashcards

1
Q

What type of antigen contain molecular moieties that are recognized by pattern recognition receptors that serve as signal 2?

A

Type I TI antigens

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2
Q

What type of antigens must recruit elements of innate immunity that provide signal 2?

A

Type II TI antigens

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3
Q

T-F–innate-derived signals and cytokines collaborate with BCR signals to activate B cells?

A

True

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4
Q

What type of antigen do not contain molecular structures that can activate innate immunity and are primarily protein?

A

TD antigens

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5
Q

What type of antigen require require CD4+ T helper cells to provide necessary signals?

A

TD antigens

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6
Q

T-F—since T cells recognize protein derived peptides, TD antigens don’t need to contain a protein component?

A

False–they need to contain a protein component

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7
Q

What is the key element of TD antigens?

A

protein that can be ingested and processed on MHC II molecule

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8
Q

What antibodies are primarily induced by TI antigens

A

IgM

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9
Q

Are TD or TI antigens associated with long lasting responses, memory, high affinity, class switching?

A

TD

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10
Q

What are chemical moieties that by themselves are not immunogenic, but can be bound by Abs?

A

Haptens

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11
Q

What does a hapten need to be chemically coupled with to induce an Ab response?

A

large protein–carrier [becomes a TD antigen]

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12
Q

What type of haptens are among the most useful in studying B cell responses?

A

Phenol Ring

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13
Q

T-F—– T cell-driven B cell activation only occurs when the B cell and T cell epitopes are covalently linked on the same molecule?

A

True–linked recognition

[Look at slide 7 and 8 for more explanation about the mouse model experiment]

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14
Q

What is signal 1 of a primary adaptive immune response in Tcell?

A

flu peptides on MHCII of DCs bind to CD4 T cells

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15
Q

What is signal 2 of a primary adaptive immune response in T cell?

A

DCs have CD80/86 which engage CD28 on T cells

[costimulation]

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16
Q

What is signal 3 of a primary adaptive immune response in T cell?

A

DCs provide cytokines to direct CD4 to differentiation

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17
Q

What is a very important key attribute of activated T helper cells to activate B cells?

A

ability to express CD154 [ligand for CD40]

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18
Q

What is signal 1 of B cell activation?

A

BCR bind antigen—crosslinked—induce signal cascade

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19
Q

In addition to triggering signal 1, crosslinked B cell antigen receptor complex lead to what?

A

ingestion of Ag-BCR complex and presented as MHC class II

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20
Q

What is the main difference between the ingestion and presentation of MHC class I molecules of B cells and antigen presenting cells?

A

B cells can only ingest and present what their specific BCRs can bind

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21
Q

What CD complex initiates signal cascaded upon BCR cross linking?

A

CD79

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22
Q

What CD is constitutively expressed on surface of B cells?

A

CD40

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23
Q

Activated T and B cells co-express CCR7 and CXCR5 forcing what?

A

recruitment by CCL19/21 and CXCL13–forcing Their movement to the border to respective zones

24
Q

What is signal 2 of B cell activation?

A

a second set of signaling cascades due to CD154 and CD40 interaction.

25
Q

What is signal 3 of B cell activation?

A

cytokines from T follicular helper cells essential for expansion and differentiation

26
Q

What interaction results when T cells can recognize their specific antigen on the surface of B cells?

A

cognate interaction

27
Q

what syndrome– mutations of the CD154 gene, x chromosome, normal TI response, but no TD response?

A

Hyper IgM Syndrome

28
Q

Upon B cell activation, what 2 subsets are formed?

A
  • antibody producing cells [plasma cells]

- seeds for germinal center response

29
Q

T-F—-antibody producing cells are long lived, affinity maturation and have great isotope switching ability?

A

False– short lived, limited switching, and no affinity maturation

30
Q

T-F —Ag-specific T follicular helper cells are found in germinal centers.

A

True

31
Q

T-F— germinal centers can form in non-lymphoid tissues under pathologic conditions?

A

True- often autoimmune antibodies

32
Q

What are the key B cell processes in the germinal center?

A
  • Proliferation
  • Isotype Switching
  • Affinity Maturation
  • Terminal differentiation into plasma or memory B cells
33
Q

Light zone of germinal center contains?

A

Fewer B cells and enriched in follicular dendritic cells. Also contains CD4 T cells and macrophages are at midline

34
Q

Where are macrophages situated in germinal centers?

A

between dark and light zones—highly phagocytic

35
Q

The human heavy chain locus contains which key constant genes?

A 
mu
delta
4 C gamma
2 C epsilon
2 C alpha
(NOTE: The first C epsilon is mutated and is non functional)
36
Q

What cytokine is key to class switch of IgE?

A

IL-4

37
Q

What largely dictates which downstream switch region is made accessible during class switching?

A

cytokine mixture from T helper cell

38
Q

T-F—lymphocytes are the only somatic cells in the body where DNA rearrangements on a huge scale are the norm?

A

True

39
Q

Isotype switching leads to what antibody changes?

A
  • B cell receptor with different constant region
  • Identical heavy chain VDJ
  • Identical Light chain
40
Q

During hypermutation (one bp change per 10^3 bps) where are the nucleic acid interchanges focused?

A

VDJ region of heavy cain and the light chains

41
Q

What are the 3 outcomes of hypermutation initiated by T follicular helper cells on B cells?

A
  • no change of binding affinity
  • loss of binding affinity
  • gain in binding affinity
42
Q

What 3 key proteins are involved in somatic hypermutation?

A

-activation induced cytidine deaminase
-uracil-DNA glycosylase
-error prone DNA polymerase
(U-G can also be identified by mismatch repair and repaired in that method with similar results)

43
Q

What happens to B cells without cognate interactions with T follicular helper cells?

A

They die

44
Q

What do follicular dendritic cells display in light zone of germinal center?

A

limiting amounts of original Ag—->[B cells can ingest , process and present fresh MHC II peptides and attract cognate interactions and survival—they are in direct competition for this…hence affinity maturation offers an advantage]

45
Q

What is a critical cytokine that keeps B cells from undergoing apoptosis during interaction with T cells?

A

BAFF [Blys]

46
Q

B cells of the highest affinity after somatic mutation have what?

A

A clear SELECTIVE ADVANTAGE—only their progeny will become plasma and memory cells

47
Q

What are Ab factories specialized for producing one product for export?

A

plasma cells

48
Q

Where are plasma cells initially found? eventually found

A

-lymphoid organs proximal to the germinal center
-move to bone marrow surviving for years, they stay switched
(NOTE: these are plasma cells differentiated in the germinal center)

49
Q

What immune cells have isotope switched, have high affinity, are long lived, and recirculate and are distributed throughout secondary lymphoid organs>

A

memory B cells

Note: plasma cells nestle in bone marrow and memory B cells recirculate through secondary lymphoid organs

50
Q

When are memory B cells rapidly called upon?

A

same Ag re-enters—secondary adaptive immune response

51
Q

What does vaccination with TD antigens induce?

A

T cell-driven B cell activation

[germinal center reactions, high affinity, long lived plasma and memory B cells]

52
Q

An OVA protein and a reactive TNP =?

A

TNP-OVA conjugate

53
Q

Why will injecting TNP-rabbit IgG and OVA separately lead to an MHCII display that will fail to attract the attention of OVA specific T cells?

A

The TNP-specific B cells will be presenting Rabbit IgG peptides in their MHCII instead of OVA peptides [LINKED RECOGNITION LOOK TO SLIDE 33]

54
Q

What is the most effective means to attack encapsulated bacteria?

A

anti-carbohydrate Abs (Type II TI response)

55
Q

Who particular fail to generate a type II TI response?

A

young children

56
Q

What is the solution to children’s inability to form Type II TI response?

A

generate TD antibody to carbohydrate Ags [treat carbohydrates as haptens and link to protein carrier= conjugates—-> ie Hib conjugate vaccine]

57
Q

For B cell help what is required in a primary adaptive immune response in T cell?

A

T-follicular helper cells

Immuno Unit 3 (5 decks)

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