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MCD Cellular Organisation Of Tissue > 5 Fluid Compartments of the Body > Flashcards

5 Fluid Compartments of the Body Flashcards

1
Q

Q: Lean humans are typically what percentage water? Role?

A

A: 55% women, 60% men

key to normal physiology

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2
Q

Q: Describe the main fluid compartments and sizes in a lead 70kg man. Use a diagram. (5)

A

A: intracellular = 23L = 55% of body water

extracellular = 19L = 45% of body water

Out of the extracellular fluid in a person, the majority of it is interstitial fluid = 15L = 36%

A small proportion (3L = 7%) is blood plasma

An even smaller proportion (1L = 2%) is transcellular fluid e.g. cerebrospinal, ocular, synovial fluid

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3
Q

Q: What are the barriers between various fluids? (3)

A

A: plasma membrane: intra and extracellular fluid

extracellular fluids is separated by layers of cells that form junctions with eachother

  • epithelial cells separate various interstitial spaces
  • endothelial cells line blood vessels = main barrier separating the fluid of the blood (the plasma) and interstitial fluids
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4
Q

Q: What makes up the composition of the main fluid compartments? (7)

A

A: cations: Na+ and K+ and Ca2+

anions: Cl- and organic phosphates- and protein17-

pH

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5
Q

Q: What’s the difference between plasma and other interstitual fluids?

A

A: plasma has far more protein (other components are v similar in amount)

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6
Q

Q: Compare blood plasma (extracellular) and muscle cells (intracellular) in terms of cations. (4)

A

A: -Sodium is present in high concentrations outside cells

  • Potassium is present in high concentrations inside cells
  • Calcium is an important signalling ion - it is present in very low concentrations inside cells though there are some compartments which store calcium (e.g. ER)

-main one in plasma is Na+ (150mmol/l vs 10)
main one in muscle is K+ (150mmol/l vs 5)
-Ca2+ is 2mmol/l in plasma vs 10^-4
-Mg2+ another one present in significant amounts

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7
Q

Q: Compare blood plasma (extracellular) and muscle cells (intracellular) in terms of anions.

A

A: -Chloride is present in high concentrations outside cells

  • Organic Phosphates are present in high concentrations inside cells
  • PROTEINS are also anions which are present in LOW concentration but have a HIGH CHARGE.
  • main one in plasma is Cl- (110mmol/l vs 5)
  • main one in muscle is oraganic phosphates- (130mmol/l vs 5)
  • protein17- is 1mmol/l in plasma vs 2 in muscle
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8
Q

Q: Compare blood plasma (extracellular) and muscle cells (intracellular) in terms of pH.

A

A: plasma= 7.4, muscle=7.1

almost twice as much

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9
Q

Q: Compare blood plasma (extracellular) and muscle cells (intracellular) in terms of osmolarity.

A

A: 285mosm/l for both (exception is some parts of kidney)

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10
Q

Q: What osmolarity?

A

A: CONCENTRATION OF A SOLUTION EXPRESSED AS THE TOTAL NUMBER OF SOLUTE PARTICLES PER LITRE

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11
Q

Q: What is diffusion?

A

A: spontaneous movement of solute to spread evenly in a compartment (down its concentration gradient until even distribution)

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12
Q

Q: What is osmosis? In terms for osmolarity? Whole story?

A

A: movement of water down its own concentration gradient

osmosis moves water toward area of higher osmolarity and can change cell volume

but membrane permeability of solutes is also crucial

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13
Q

Q: What occurs when intracellular osmolarity is higher than extracellular? Result?

A

A: 3 options in terms of volume change

  1. no change
  2. increase
  3. burst

therefore osmolarity alone is too simple term for biological systems because it doesn’t include cell permeability

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14
Q

Q: What’s a more useful concept than osmolarity?

A

A: tonicity

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15
Q

Q: What is tonicity? What does it depend on?

A

A: defines the ‘strength’ of a solution as it affects final cell volume

both cell membrane permeability and solution composition

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16
Q

Q: What occurs when intracellular osmolarity is higher than extracellular and the membrane is permeable to both water and a solute?

A

A: 1. Initially, Osmolarity OUTSIDE < INSIDE

  1. Osmosis: water moves down the concentration gradient into the cell
  2. Diffusion: solute moves down the concentration gradient out of the cell - reduces intracellular osmolarity
  3. OVERALL EFFECT: Water concentration and solute concentration is even inside and outside the cell - no further net diffusion of osmosis - no change in cell volume
17
Q

Q: What occurs when intracellular osmolarity is higher than extracellular and the membrane is permeable to both water and one of 2 solutes? (other solute =impermeable)

A

A: 1. Water moves down the concentration gradient into the cell until the osmolarity is the same inside and outside the cell

  1. Solute 1 moves out of the cell down a concentration gradient and decreases intracellular osmolarity
  2. Impermeant solute can’t cross the membrane
  3. CELL SWELLS - increase in cell volume
18
Q

Q: What occurs when intracellular osmolarity is higher than extracellular and the membrane is permeable to water and impermeable to a solute?

A

A: 1. Osmosis- water moves down the concentration gradient into the cell.

  1. Impermeant solute can’t move out
  2. CELL BURSTS - before Osmolarity outside can equal the osmolarity inside
19
Q

Q: What are the 3 tonicity terms? describe.

A

A: HYPERTONIC

  • Osmolarity of impermeant solutes: out > in
  • Cell shrinks in solution
  • Solution is hypertonic

HYPOTONIC

  • Osmolarity of impermeant solutes: out < in
  • Cell swells in solution
  • Solution is hypotonic

ISOTONIC

  • Osmolarity of impermeant solutes: out = in
  • Cell volume is unchanged
  • The solution is isotonic
20
Q

Q: Real cells. Membrane permeability? Content? Burst? why? Maintaining?

A

A: -permeable to water

  • impermeable solute concentration is higher inside > outside the cell
  • but they DO NOT BURST
  • because SODIUM-POTASSIUM PUMP maintains a lower concentration of sodium inside the cell than outside
  • makes membrane permeable to sodium ions because any sodium ions which diffuse in are pumped back out
  • no net movement of sodium ions across the membrane

The intracellular osmolarity of impermeant solutes (mainly high concentration of proteins and low concentration of Na+) balances the extracellular osmolarity of impermeant solutes (mainly high concentration of Na+).

-Cells must actively maintain this state

21
Q

Q: Considering a synthetic lipid bilayer which doesn’t have any membrane proteins. How are these transported across it?

  1. Hydrophobic Molecules.
  2. Small Uncharged Polar Molecules.
  3. Large Uncharged Polar Molecules.
  4. Ions.
A

A: 1. can easily pass through the membrane

  1. some molecules will diffuse through but the majority do not
  2. almost all molecules don’t pass through the membrane
  3. do not pass through the membrane
22
Q

Q: What are the methods of transporting solutes across a membrane? (7)

A

A: Passive - Down an Electrochemical Gradient

  • Through Lipid bilayer
  • Through Pores
  • On Carriers

Active

  • On Carriers - primary active transport
  • On Carriers - secondary active transport
  • Endocytosis
  • Exocytosis
23
Q

Q: Summarise exchange across a capillary wall. (4)

A

A: 1. lipid soluble substances through the endothelial cells

  1. small water soluble substances pass through the pores between cells
  2. exchangeable proteins are moved across by vesicular transport
  3. plasma proteins generally can not cross the endothelial cell membranes and can not get through the pores between cells
24
Q

Q: What are the 2 forces acting on a normal capillary? Balance? Result? (2) More likely?

A

A: 1. osmotic pressure due to plasma proteins (colloid osmotic pressure (COP)): more proteins inside than outside the vessel = tends to pull water into vessle
2. hydrostatic pressure due to blood pressure = tends to push water out

Solute and fluid movement across a vessel wall is determined by the balance between the opposing pressures.

  • Hydrostatic Pressure > COP = Plasma Leaks Out (usual)
  • Hydrostatic Pressure < COP = Flow Into Vessel
25
Q

Q: Compare normal and leaky capillaries.

A

A: normal
-osmotic pressure present due to plasma proteins
-hydrostatic pressure due to blood pressure
= some net loss but overall forces are equal

leaky

  • excess fluid loss from capillary to interstitual space: oedema
  • increased pore size
  • hydrostatic pressure&raquo_space; osmotic pressures
26
Q

Q: What is oedema? Causes?

A

A: swelling of a tissue because of excess interstitial fluid

  • Imbalance in normal cycle of fluid exchange in tissue causing fluid to accumulate in the intestinal space
  • fluid is constantly being lost from blood vessels, passing into the interstitium to be drained by lymphatic vessels and if this is disrupted, oedema can occur
27
Q

Q: Where does lymph fluid return to the circulation?

A

A: in nodes (50%) or in the lymphatic ducts in the subclavian region (50%)

28
Q

Q: What is oedema a cardinal sign of?

A

A: inflammation (and infection)

29
Q

Q: Name a non-inflammatory cause of oedema.

A

A: heart failure- underlying cause of leakiness is high bp

30
Q

Q: Give an example of localised inflammatory oedema.

A

A: around site of insect bite -> causes local blood vessels to become leaky

31
Q

Q: Give an example of hydrostatic oedema.

A

A: individual has high bp -> means increased hydrostatic pressure in vessels

32
Q

Q: Why may a breast cancer survivor have oedema in their arm?

A

A: likely to have axillary (armpit) lymph nodes removed as part of her diagnosis/treatment -> remove pathway of drainage from the upper limb on affected side -> resulting in accumulation of fluid

33
Q

Q: Why would someone with elephantiasis have oedema of the leg?

A

A: parasitic worms can block lymph vessels-> preventing lymphatic drainage

MCD Cellular Organisation Of Tissue (13 decks)

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