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Biology Exam Questions > 5 Energy Transfers EQs > Flashcards

5 Energy Transfers EQs Flashcards

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1
Q

Give the function of a mitochondrian (1 mark)

A

Produce ATP for respiration

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2
Q

The mitochondria in muscles contain many cristae. Explain the advantage of this (2 marks)

A
  1. large surface area
  2. more enzymes for ATP production
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3
Q

Explain why converting pyruvate to ethanol is important in allowing the continued production of ATP in anaerobic respiration (2 marks)

A
  1. Allows NAD to be re-formed
  2. so more glucose can be converted into pyruvate
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4
Q

Give two ways in which anaerobic respiration of glucose in yeast is similar to anaerobic respiration of glucose in a muscle cell (2 marks)

A
  1. ATP formed
  2. Pyruvate formed
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5
Q

Give two ways in which anaerobic respiration of glucose in yeast is different to anaerobic respiration of glucose in a muscle cell (2 marks)

A
  1. Yeast = ethanol
    Muscle = lactic acid
  2. CO2 released by yeast, not muscle
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6
Q

In anaerobic respiration, what is the net yield of ATP molecules per molecule of glucose? (1 mark)

A

2

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7
Q

Describe how NAD is regenerated in anaerobic resp in yeast cells (1 mark)

A

reduced NAD is reduced

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8
Q

Explain why most of the energy is provided by anaerobic respiration rather than aerobic? (2 marks)

A
  1. high respiration rate
  2. so unable to supply enough oxygen to muscles
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9
Q

The athlete continues to breathe deeply for several minutes after the race ends. Explain why this is necessary (2 marks)

A
  1. oxidise lactate into pyruvate
  2. by aerobic respiration
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10
Q

Explain why some muscles become fatigued when insufficient oxygen is available (2 marks)

A
  1. increased conc of lactate
  2. lowers pH
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11
Q

Without oxygen, less ATP is produced by respiration. Explain why (2 marks)

A
  1. only glycolysis can take place
  2. only produces 2 ATP
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12
Q

When glucose is respired what happens to the energy which is not incorporated into ATP? (1 mark)

A

released as heat

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13
Q

Describe how acetylcoenzyme A is formed in the link reaction (2 marks)

A

1.Oxidation of pyruvate and carbon dioxide released;
2.Addition of coenzyme A.

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14
Q

In link reaction pryruvate is converted to a substance with 2 carbon atoms. Describe what happens in this process (2 marks)

A
  1. decarboxylation
  2. acetyl coenzyme A produced
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15
Q

Apart from respiration, give three uses of ATP in a liver cell (3 marks)

A
  1. Cell division
  2. Active transport
  3. Phagocytosis
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16
Q

Aerobic respiration produces more ATP per molecule of glucose than anaerobic
respiration. Explain why. (2 marks)

A
  1. Oxygen is final electron acceptor
  2. In aerobic respiration oxidative phosphorylation
  3. In anaerobic respiration only glycolysis occurs which only produces 2 ATP
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17
Q

Explain the purpose of the strip of filter paper in the potassium hydroxide solution in a respirometer (1 mark)

A

to increase surface area for carbon dioxide absorption

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18
Q

The level of liquid in the right-hand side of the manometer went down during
the experiment. Explain why. (2 marks)

A
  1. oxygen is used and carbon dioxide emitted is absorbed;
  2. so decrease in volume
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19
Q

What measurements are needed to calculate the rate of oxygen uptake by the
snails in mm3 g –1 h –1 ? (3 marks)

A
  1. change of level of (manometer) liquid over time;
  2. mass of snails;
  3. time interval;
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20
Q

Why would coloured liquid move in respirometer? (3 marks)

A
  1. Oxygen used (by woodlouse);
    2.Carbon dioxide is absorbed by potassium hydroxide;
  2. Decrease in pressure;
21
Q

Describe the role of oxygen in aerobic respiration (2 marks)

A
  1. final acceptor for hydrogen:
  2. to form water;
22
Q

Describe how ATP is made in mitochondria? (6 marks)

A
  1. ATP and reduced NAD produced in Krebs cycle
  2. Electrons produced from reduced NAD
  3. Electrons pass along electron transport chain
  4. Releasing energy for ADP + Pi
  5. Protons move into intermembrane space
  6. By ATP synthase
23
Q

Explain why oxygen is needed for the production of ATP on the cristae of the mitochondrion (3 marks)

A
  1. ATP formed as electrons pass along transport chain
  2. Oxygen is terminal electron acceptor to form water
  3. However if no oxygen then electrons cannot be accepted
24
Q

Describe the part played by the inner membrane of a mitochondrion in producing ATP (3 marks)

A
  1. Electrons transferred down electron transport chain
  2. Provide energy to take protons into space between membranes;
  3. Protons pass back, through membrane into matrix through ATP synthase;
  4. Energy used to combine ADP and phosphate to produce ATP;
25
Q

In photosynthesis, which chemicals are needed for the light-dependent
reaction? (1 mark)

A

NADP, ADP, Pi and water;

26
Q

Describe what happens during photoionisation in the light-dependent
reaction. (2 marks)

A
  1. Chlorophyll absorbs light which excites electrons
  2. Loses electrons to the electron transport chain
27
Q

Heat stress decreases the light-dependent reaction of photosynthesis.
Explain why this leads to a decrease in the light-independent reaction. (2 marks)

A
  1. Less ATP;
  2. Less reduced NADP;
28
Q

A decrease in the activity of the enzyme rubisco would limit the rate of photosynthesis.
Explain why. (2 marks)

A
  1. (Less/no) carbon dioxide (reacts) with RuBP;
  2. (Less/no) GP;
29
Q

Where precisely is rubisco found in a cell? (1 mark)

A

stroma

30
Q

Describe the process of glycolysis. (4 marks)

A
  1. Phosphorylation of glucose using ATP
  2. Oxidation of triose phosphate to pyruvate
  3. Net gain of ATP
  4. NAD reduced
31
Q

Malonate inhibits a reaction in the Krebs cycle.
Explain why malonate would decrease the uptake of oxygen in a respiring
cell. (2 marks)

A
  1. Less/no reduced NAD
  2. Oxygen is the final/terminal (electron) acceptor;
32
Q

In chromatography, explain why the student marked the origin using a pencil rather than using ink. (1 mark)

A

Ink and pigments would mix

33
Q

Describe the method the student used to separate the pigments after the solution of
pigments had been applied to the origin. (2 marks)

A
  1. Level of solvent below origin
  2. Remove before (solvent) reaches top
34
Q

The pigments in leaves are different colours. Suggest and explain the advantage of having
different coloured pigments in leaves. (1 mark)

A

Absorb different/more wavelengths of light for photosynthesis;

35
Q

A teacher studying these data with her students told her class that no definite conclusions
could be drawn when comparing the mean values in the graph.
Suggest why the teacher said this. (2 marks)

A
  1. No SD;
  2. To show if overlap occurs so difference (in means) is not significant / due to chance
36
Q

Atrazine binds to proteins in the electron transfer chain in chloroplasts of weeds, reducing
the transfer of electrons down the chain.
Explain how this reduces the rate of photosynthesis in weeds (4 marks)

A
  1. Reduced transfer of protons across thylakoid membrane
  2. So less ATP produced;
  3. So less reduced NADP produced
  4. So light-independent reaction slows
37
Q

When treated with herbicide, weeds have been shown to give off small amounts of heat.
Suggest an explanation for this observation (1 mark)

A

energy is released from high energy

38
Q

Explain the relationship between stomatal opening and photosynthesis. (2 marks)

A
  1. Stomata allow uptake of carbon dioxide;
  2. Carbon dioxide used in photosynthesis;
39
Q

Explain why a log scale is used to record the number of cells (1 mark)

A

large increase in numbers

40
Q

Many yeast cells die in the death phase, Suggest why (1 mark)

A

No glucose

41
Q

Suggest and explain why (a chosen temp) was 20 degrees for this experiment (2 marks)

A
  1. optimum temp
  2. for enzymes involved in respiration
42
Q

Explain why less energy is released in anaerobic respiration (1 mark)

A

glucose only partly broken down to lactate

43
Q

Why would concentration of oxygen fall underwater? (1 mark)

A

oxygen used in aerobic respiration to provide energy and oxygen not replaced by breathing

44
Q

Explain why concentration of lactate would fall (2 marks)

A
  1. converted back to pyruvate
  2. oxidised
45
Q

Give one way blood flow into the diaphragm muscles may be reduced (1 mark)

A

constriction of muscles in arteries

46
Q

Suggest one explanation for higher glycerol and fatty acid concentrations (2 marks)

A
  1. breakdown of fats
  2. at increased rate
47
Q

Describe the roles of coenzymes and carrier proteins in the synthesis of ATP (3 marks)

A
  1. NAD / FAD reduced / hydrogen attached to NAD / FAD;
  2. electrons transferred from
    carrier to carrier in a series of redox reactions;
  3. energy made available as electrons passed on;
    energy used to synthesise ATP from ADP and phosphate
  4. H+ / protons passed into intermembrane space;
  5. H+ / protons flow back through enzyme;
48
Q
A

Biology Exam Questions (5 decks)

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