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2023-25 Biology > 5: Energy Transfers > Flashcards

5: Energy Transfers Flashcards

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1
Q

Describe what happens during photoionisation in the light dependent reaction. [2]

A
  • Chlorophyll absorbs light OR Light excites/moves electrons in chlorophyll;
  • Electron/s are lost **OR ** (Chlorophyll) becomes positively charged;
  • Accept electrons go to electron transport/carrier chain for ‘electrons lost’.
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2
Q

Describe the light dependent reaction [6]

A
  • Chlorophyll absorbs light energy and excites electrons
  • Electrons removed (Oxidation of chlorophyll) via photoionisation;
  • Electrons move along carriers/electron transport chain** releasing energy** (Series of REDOX reactions)
  • Energy released (by electrons) used to form proton (electrochemical) gradient;
  • H+ ions diffuse through ATP synthase;
  • providing energy to join ADP and Pi to form ATP; Photophosphorylation
  • Photolysis of water produces 2 protons, 2 electrons and ½ oxygen; electrons regenerate chlorophyll.
  • NADP reduced by electrons / electrons and protons / hydrogen;
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3
Q

Name the two products of the light-dependent reaction that are required for the light-independent reaction.

A
  • ATP;
  • Reduced NADP;

Accept: NADPH / NADPH2

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4
Q

Proton pumping to form a proton gradient is an example of active transport.

True or False

A

False:

  • Active transport requires ATP!
  • Energy for proton pumping is from high energy electrons.
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5
Q

Describe the light independent reaction [6]

A
  • Carbon dioxide combines/reacts with RuBP;
  • Produces two glycerate (3- )phosphate/GP using (enzyme) Rubisco;
  • GP reduced to triose phosphate;
  • Using reduced NADP;
  • Using energy from ATP;
  • Triose phosphate converted to glucose / hexose / RuBP (ribulose bisphosphate) / other correctly named organic substance;
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6
Q

Where precisely is rubisco found in a cell?

A

Stroma

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7
Q

Explain why scientists measure the rate of production of oxygen in this investigation. (Rate of photosynthesis) [2]

A
  • Oxygen produced in light-dependent reaction;
  • The faster (oxygen) is produced, the faster the light-dependent reaction.
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8
Q

Explain why plants that have more chlorophyll will grow faster than plants with less chlorophyll. [5]

A
  • Have faster production of ATP and reduced NADP;
  • (So) have faster / more light-independent reaction;
  • (So) produce more sugars that can be used in respiration;
  • (So) have more energy for growth;
  • Have faster / more synthesis of new organic materials.
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9
Q

ATP is produced in the light dependent reaction, suggest why this is not their (plants) only source of ATP. [4]

A
  • Plants don’t photosynthesis in the dark;
  • Not all the parts of the plants photosynthesise;
  • Plants require more ATP than is produced in the light dependant reaction;
  • ATP used in Active Transport (accept other named processes)
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10
Q

Describe the effect of introducing a herbicide/inhibitor on the electron transport chain (4)

A
  • Reduced transfer of protons across thylakoid membrane OR Reduced chemiosmotic gradient/proton gradient across thylakoid membrane;
  • (So) less ATP produced;
  • (So) less reduced NADP produced;
  • (So) light-independent reaction slows/stops OR Less reduction of GP to triose phosphate;
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11
Q

When producing a chromatogram explain why the origin is marked using a pencil rather than ink.

A
  • Ink and (leaf) pigments would mix
    OR
  • (With ink) origin/line in different position
    OR
  • (With pencil) origin/line in same position
    OR
  • (With pencil) origin/line still visible;
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12
Q

While making a chromatogram, describe the method used to separate the pigments after the solution of pigment had been applied to the origin. [2]

A
  • Level of solvent below origin/line;
  • Remove/stop before (solvent) reaches top/end;
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13
Q

Suggest and explain the advantage to plants of having different colour pigments in leaves.

A
  • Absorb different/more wavelengths of light for photosynthesis;
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14
Q

Explain the relationship between stomatal opening and photosynthesis. [2]

A
  • Stomata allow uptake of carbon dioxide;
  • Carbon dioxide used in / required for photosynthesis;
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15
Q

What is the equation to calculate the Rf value?

A

Distance pigment moved from origin / Distance solvent front moved from origin

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16
Q

Describe the process of glycolysis.[5]

A
  • Phosphorylation of glucose using ATP;
  • Oxidation of triose phosphate to pyruvate;
  • Net gain of ATP;
  • NAD reduced;
  • Occurs within the cytoplasm
17
Q

Describe the link reaction [4]

A
  • Occurs in the matrix (mitochondrion)
  • Pyruvate oxidised and decarboxylated into Acetate.
  • Produces reduced NAD and CO2
  • Acetate combines with coenzyme A to produce Acetyl co A

Reject ATP is formed.

18
Q

NAD is a coenzyme. What is a coenzyme?

A
  • NAD is a dinucleotide (derivative)
  • Organic NON-PROTEIN
    *Binds to with an enzyme to help catalyse a reaction
  • often refered to as a carrier molecule
19
Q

Describe how oxidation takes place in glycolysis and in the Krebs cycle. [4]

A
  • removal of hydrogen/dehydrogenation;
  • by enzymes/dehydrogenases;
  • Hydrogen accepted by NAD/reduced NAD formed;
  • in Krebs cycle, FAD (used as well);
20
Q

Water is a waste product of aerobic respiration.

Describe how water is formed at the end of aerobic respiration. [2]

A
  • oxygen is terminal/final electron acceptor;
  • combines with electrons and protons (to form water);
21
Q

Explain how the amount of ATP is increased by reactions occurring inside a mitochondrion. [6]

A
  • oxidation of/removal of electrons and H+ from pyruvate
  • acetyl CoA / 6 carbon compound; (credit oxidative decarboxylation)
  • substrate level production of ATP / ATP produced in Krebs cycle;
  • production of reduced NAD / FAD (allow they take up hydrogen);
  • **in matrix **of mitochondria;
  • electrons fed into electron transport chain / used in oxidative
  • (Electrons) pass along carriers/through electron transport chain/through series of redox reactions;
  • Energy released as heat;
  • Protons pumped into intermembrane space;
  • ADP + Pi to ATP using ATP synthase
22
Q

Describe the roles of the coenzymes and carrier proteins in the synthesis of ATP.

OR

Describe the events of oxidative phosphorylation

[5]

A
  • NAD/FAD reduced / hydrogen attached to NAD/FAD;
  • H+ ions/electrons transferred from coenzyme to coenzyme/carrier to carrier (ETC on cristae of inner membrane)
  • Energy released (from electrons) through series of redox reactions;
  • Energy released used to pump H+/ protons into intermembrane space forming an electro-chemical gradient (of protons);
  • H+/ protons flow back through ATP synthase to produce ATP from ADP and phosphate.

(some energy lost as heat)

23
Q

In many mammals, ‘uncoupling proteins’ help to maintain a constant body temperature during hibernation.

Suggest and explain how.
[2]

A
  • Allow passage of protons/H+;
  • (Energy) released as heat;
24
Q

The mitochondria in muscles contain many cristae. Explain the advantage of this. [2]

AO2 (More / Less)

A
  • larger surface area for electron carrier system / MORE oxidative phosphorylation;
  • provide MORE ATP / energy for contraction;
25
Q

Give two reasons why the respirometer was left for 10 minutes when it was first placed in the water bath.

A
  • Equilibrium reached;
  • Allow for expansion (gases/liquids) /pressure change in apparatus;
  • Allow respiration rate of seeds to stabilise;
26
Q

In a respirometer why does the coloured liquid move to the left (towards the organism). [3]

A
  • Oxygen taken up by organism
  • Carbon dioxide absorbed by KOH
  • Pressure/volume decreases inside
27
Q

Apart from time, give two measurements a student would have to make to determine the rate of aerobic respiration of seeds in a respirometer in cm3 per hour.

A
  • Distance liquid moves (cm)
  • Diameter/radius of the tube (cm)
28
Q

Explain why a log scale is used to record the number of cells/bacteria. [1]

A
  • Large range/difference/increase in numbers;
  • Accept reference to exponential (increase)
29
Q

Explain why converting pyruvate to lactate allows the continued production of ATP by anaerobic respiration. [2]

A
  • Regenerates NAD / Oxidises reduced NAD;
  • (So) glycolysis continues;
30
Q

Malonate inhibits a reaction in the Krebs cycle.

Explain why malonate would decrease the uptake of oxygen in a respiring cell.
[2]

A
  • Less/no reduced NAD/coenzymes OR Fewer/no hydrogens/electrons removed (and passed to electron transfer chain);
  • Oxygen is the final/terminal (electron) acceptor;
31
Q

Explain why converting pyruvate to ethanol is important in allowing the continued production of ATP in anaerobic respiration. [2]

A
  • allows NAD to be recycled / re-formed;
  • so that glycolysis continues / so that (more) glucose can be converted to pyruvate
32
Q

Give two ways in which anaerobic respiration of glucose in yeast is similar to anaerobic respiration of glucose in a muscle cell. [2]

A
  • ATP formed / used;
  • pyruvate formed / reduced;
  • NAD / reduced NAD;
  • glycolysis involved
33
Q

Give two ways in which anaerobic respiration of glucose in yeast is different from anaerobic respiration of glucose in a muscle cell. [2]

A
  • ethanol / alcohol formed by yeast whereas lactate by muscle cell;
  • CO2 released by yeast but not by muscle cell;
34
Q

Name the two substances produced by anaerobic respiration in humans.

A
  • Lactate;
  • ATP;
35
Q
A

A: Pyruvate
B: Reduced NAD / NADH/ NADH2
C: Coenzyme A
D: Acetylcoenzyme A / Acetyl co A

2023-25 Biology (9 decks)

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